Fresh and hardened properties of high-strength concrete incorporating byproduct fine crushed aggregate as partial replacement of natural sand
Dammika P. K. WELLALA1, Ashish Kumer SAHA1(), Prabir Kumar SARKER1, Vinod RAJAYOGAN2
1. School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia 2. Regional Technical Manager, Holcim, Perth, WA 6004, Australia
This paper presents the fresh and hardened properties of high-strength concrete comprising byproduct fine crushed aggregates (FCAs) sourced from the crushing of three different types of rocks, namely granophyre, basalt, and granite. The lowest void contents of the combined fine aggregates were observed when 40% to 60% of natural sand is replaced by the FCAs. By the replacement of 40% FCAs, the slump and bleeding of concrete with a water-to-cement ratio of 0.45 decreased by approximately 15% and 50%, respectively, owing to the relatively high fines content of the FCAs. The 28 d compressive strength of concrete was 50 MPa when 40% FCAs were used. The slight decrease in tensile strength from the FCAs is attributed to the flakiness of the particles. The correlations between the splitting tensile and compressive strengths of normal concrete provided in the AS 3600 and ACI 318 design standards are applicable for concrete using the FCAs as partial replacement of sand. The maximum 56 d drying shrinkage is 520 microstrains, which is significantly less than the recommended limit of 1000 microstrains by AS 3600 for concrete. Therefore, the use of these byproduct FCAs can be considered as a sustainable alternative option for the production of high-strength green concrete.
12% to 18% passing 63 µm sieve depending on purpose of use
Tab.1
Fig.1
Fig.2
property
granophyre (A)
basalt (B)
granite (C)
natural sand
apparent particle density (g/cm3)
2.60
2.93
2.63
2.61
dry particle density (g/cm3)
2.54
2.56
2.52
2.59
ssd particle density (g/cm3)
2.56
2.69
2.63
2.60
water absorption
1.0
4.2
0.7
0.3
sand equivalent (%)
58
65
60
98
degradation factor (%)
90
86
88
96
micro fines (%)
6
13
12
3
Tab.2
Fig.3
mix
cement (kg/m3)
coarse aggregate (kg/m3)
natural sand (kg/m3)
FCA (kg/m3)
water (kg/m3)
control
400
1115
750
0
180
A40
400
1115
450
300
180
B40
400
1115
450
300
180
C40
400
1115
450
300
180
C20
400
1115
600
150
180
C60
400
1115
150
450
180
Tab.3
Fig.4
Fig.5
Fig.6
Fig.7
Fig.8
Fig.9
Fig.10
Fig.11
Fig.12
Fig.13
Fig.14
Fig.15
mix ID
compressive strength at 28 d (MPa)
tensile strength at 28 d (MPa)
tensile strength / compressive strength
control
46.5
4.64
0.10
A40
50.0
4.79
0.10
B40
50.3
4.44
0.09
C20
48.3
4.01
0.08
C40
49.2
4.09
0.08
C60
50.2
3.89
0.08
Tab.4
mix ID
split tensile strength at 28 d (MPa)
experimental/calculated
experimental
calculated as per AS 3600 [36]
calculated as per ACI 318 [37]
AS 3600 [36]
ACI 318 [37]
control
4.64
3.82
3.44
1.2
1.3
A40
4.79
3.96
3.58
1.2
1.3
B40
4.44
3.97
3.60
1.1
1.2
C20
4.09
3.89
3.51
1.1
1.2
C40
4.01
3.93
3.55
1.0
1.1
C60
3.89
3.97
3.59
1.0
1.1
Tab.5
Fig.16
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