A collaborative approach for urban underground space development toward sustainable development goals: Critical dimensions and future directions
Fang-Le PENG1(), Yong-Kang QIAO1,2, Soheil SABRI2, Behnam ATAZADEH2, Abbas RAJABIFARD2
1. Research Center for Underground Space & Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China 2. Department of Infrastructure Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
The utilization of urban underground space (UUS) offers an effective solution to urban problems but may also negatively affect urban development. Therefore, UUS development needs better concerted guidelines to coordinate various urban systems and the multiple components of the underground world. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which should be viewed as important yardsticks for UUS development, do not explicitly mention urban underground space, although many of them are affected by both the positive and negative consequences of its development. To fill this gap, this review lays the foundations of relevant UUS concepts and uses exemplary cases to reveal that 11 out of 17 SDGs can be linked with UUS uses. These linkages also manifest that land administration, integrated planning, architectural design, and construction technology are critical dimensions for increasing the contributions of UUS to the realization of SDGs. To achieve multi-disciplinary synergies among these four critical dimensions, a collaborative approach framework based on spatial data infrastructure is required. Thus, this work provides academics and practitioners with a holistic view of sustainable UUS development.
. [J]. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 2021, 15(1): 20-45.
Fang-Le PENG, Yong-Kang QIAO, Soheil SABRI, Behnam ATAZADEH, Abbas RAJABIFARD. A collaborative approach for urban underground space development toward sustainable development goals: Critical dimensions and future directions. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2021, 15(1): 20-45.
UUI refers to artificially excavated physical space surrounded by rock or soil mass beneath the ground level of a city.
geothermal energy
Geothermal energy is the thermal energy generated and stored in a subterranean way.
groundwater
Groundwater generally occurs in three sorts of aquifers, i.e., perched, unconfined, and confined ones.
geomaterials
Geomaterials include sand, clay, rocks, and minerals buried underground.
historical heritage
Large amounts of historical resources are buried underground in cities with a long and rich history.
space continuum
The space continuum, mostly formed by soil or rocks, groundwater, and air, has certain mechanical properties that can help to achieve the force–displacement equilibrium for under- and aboveground structures using specific foundation types.
underground organisms
Underground organisms include the fauna, flora, and microorganisms that live or grow in the urban underground.
Tab.1
UUS assets
direct services
external services
physical space
provision of spaces to accommodate various urban functions
land savings
commuting time savings
reduction of accident rate
increase in real estate value
energy savings
reduction of operational disturbance
increase in green space amount
reduction of air pollution
reduction of noise pollution
improvement of health status
mitigation of earthquake-caused damage
mitigation of war-caused damage
geothermal energy
provision of renewable green energy
reduction of CO2 emissions
groundwater
provision of water for drinking, municipal, and industrial purposes
improvement of health status
geomaterials
provision of construction materials
construction cost savings
historical heritage
preservation of historical resources
increase in social inclusion
space continuum
support of under- and aboveground urban infrastructures
ensuring safety and effective urban functioning
underground organisms
maintenance of biodiversity
maintenance of eco-friendly surface environment
Tab.2
SDGs
Targets
relevant excerpts
UUS contributors
SDG 3: good health and well-being
3.6
deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents
UUI, groundwater
3.9
deaths and illnesses from air, water and soil pollution and contamination
SDG 6: clean water and sanitation
6.1
access to safe and affordable drinking water
UUI, groundwater
6.2
improvement of water quality via pollution reduction
6.5
water resource management at all levels
6.6
water-related ecosystems, including aquifers
SDG 7: affordable and clean energy
7.1
access to affordable, reliable, and modern energy services
geothermal energy
7.2
share of renewable energy
SDG 8: decent work and economic growth
8.1
per capita economic growth
all*
8.2
technological upgrading and innovation
8.3
productive activities and growth of micro-, small-, and medium-sized enterprises
8.4
resource efficiency in production
SDG 9: industry, innovation, and infrastructure
9.1
development of quality, reliable, sustainable, and resilient infrastructure
UUI
9.2
industry’s share of employment and gross domestic product
all
9.4
upgrading of infrastructure and retrofitting of industries with environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes
9.5
technological capabilities of industrial sectors
SDG 11: sustainable cities and communities
11.1
adequate, safe, and affordable housing
UUI
11.2
safe, affordable, accessible, and sustainable transport systems
11.3
enhancing inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable urbanization and sustainable human settlement planning
all, CA
11.4
protection and safeguarding of the world’s cultural and natural heritage
historical heritage
11.5
decrease of direct economic losses caused by disasters, including water-related disasters
UUI
11.6
reduction of the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including air quality municipal and other waste management
UUI, geothermal energy, geomaterials
11.7
safe, inclusive, and accessible green and public spaces
UUI
11.6
policies and plans toward inclusion, resource efficiency, resilience to disasters
all, CA
SDG 12: responsible consumption and production
12.1
sustainable consumption and production
all
12.2
sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources
all
12.4
environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle
geomaterials
12.5
reduction of waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling, and reuse
geomaterials
12.8
information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles
CA
SDG 13: climate action
13.1
resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters
UUI
13.2
climate change measures into national policies, strategies, and planning
UUI, geothermal energy, CA
SDG 15: life on land
15.5
reduction of natural habitat degradation
underground organisms, UUI
SDG 16: peace, justice and strong institutions
16.6
effective, accountable, and transparent institutions
CA
16.7
participatory and representative decision-making
16.10
public access to information
SDG 17: partnerships for the goals
17.14
policy coherence for sustainable development
CA
17.18
availability of high-quality, timely, and reliable data
17.19
measurements of progress on sustainable development that complement gross domestic product
Tab.3
Fig.1
assets
detailed aspects
physical space (UUI)
• UUI structures need a buffer zone to preserve the force equilibrium. The potential of UUI use, particularly in shallow underground, is compromised by geothermal and groundwater use facilities and the need to protect underground historical heritage and organisms. • UUI deformation occurs because of localized groundwater leakage [72].
geothermal energy
• The thermal properties and mass of soil and rocks are altered by loss of UUI use [73] and groundwater use [74]. • Geothermal environment changes because of groundwater use and UUI operation [75].
groundwater
• Groundwater table may experience a global drawdown and a variation in flow direction because of UUI construction [76–79]. • Groundwater quality may deteriorate because of (i) hydrochemical concentration and the acceleration of biogeochemical processes due to the barrier effect of UUI structures [80] and (ii) the release of construction materials [81].
geomaterials
• Geomaterial over-exploitation due to large-scale UUI development increases the recycle/reuse demand. Cities need extra land to accommodate the surplus geomaterials [82]. • Inappropriate mounds of surplus geomaterials change the original state of the space continuum and may threaten the safety of neighboring surface buildings.
historical heritage
• Historical heritage buried underground may be directly destroyed by UUI construction or indirectly damaged by the disturbance of the space continuum or vibrations caused by UUI construction and operation [83,84]. • The heritage environment and microclimate are altered because of UUI (e.g., underground museum) operation [85] and the use of geothermal energy and groundwater.
space continuum
• The space continuum is disturbed in terms of supporting the city by UUI development, groundwater abstraction, and geomaterial exploitation, which leads to land subsidence [86,87] and ground movement [88].
underground organisms
• The habitats of underground organisms may be destroyed by all sorts of UUS uses. • The living environment of underground organisms may be altered by the construction of UUI, and the exploitation of geothermal energy and groundwater [85].
Tab.4
categories
sub-categories
requirement
examples
3D legal data
legal interests
primary legal interests
volumetric lot
–
common property
elevators, walls, slabs, utility pipelines
secondary legal interests
reserved public space
–
easement
utility pipelines
restriction
underground assets
legal boundaries
fixed boundary
–
3d physical data
stratum element
–
building element
walls, windows, doors, slabs
distribution element
utility pipelines, electricity cables
Tab.5
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