Fatigue shear performance of concrete beams reinforced with hybrid (glass-fiber-reinforced polymer+ steel) rebars and stirrups
Peng ZHU1, Jiajing XU2, Wenjun QU1()
1. Department of Structural Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China 2. School of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
Reinforced concrete beams consisting of both steel and glass-fiber-reinforced polymer rebars exhibit excellent strength, serviceability, and durability. However, the fatigue shear performance of such beams is unclear. Therefore, beams with hybrid longitudinal bars and hybrid stirrups were designed, and fatigue shear tests were performed. For specimens that failed by fatigue shear, all the glass-fiber-reinforced polymer stirrups and some steel stirrups fractured at the critical diagonal crack. For the specimen that failed by the static test after 8 million fatigue cycles, the static capacity after fatigue did not significantly decrease compared with the calculated value. The initial fatigue level has a greater influence on the crack development and fatigue life than the fatigue level in the later phase. The fatigue strength of the glass-fiber-reinforced polymer stirrups in the specimens was considerably lower than that of the axial tension tests on the glass-fiber-reinforced polymer bar in air and beam-hinge tests on the glass-fiber-reinforced polymer bar, and the failure modes were different. Glass-fiber-reinforced polymer stirrups were subjected to fatigue tension and shear, and failed owing to shear.
maximum stress range in longitudinal steel bars (MPa)
maximum stress range in longitudinal GFRP bars (MPa)
FS-2.54-0.6
1 cycle
11.3
56.9
175.5
54.9
FS-2.54-0.4
1 cycle
?0.5
?1.4
?97.9
14.7
2 million cycles
73.0
74.7
220.3
24.7
4.5 million cycles
93.2
55.8
227.5
22.1
FS-2.07-0.4
1 cycle
?3.7
19.7
?85.0
30.1
4 million cycles
12.7
60.2
118.2
41.8
4.5 million cycles
25.8
79.5
133.9
46.6
Tab.4
Fig.11
Fig.12
Fig.13
Fig.14
Fig.15
Fig.16
Fig.17
Fig.18
1
C Arya, F K Ofori-Darko, G Pirathapan. FRP rebars and the elimination of reinforcement corrosion in concrete structures. In: Taerwe L, ed. Proceedings of the Second International RILEM Symposium (FRPRCS-2). London: RILEM, E&FN Spon, 1995, 227–234
2
M A Aiello, L Ombres. Structural performances of concrete beams with hybrid (fiber-reinforced polymer-steel) reinforcements. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2002, 6(2): 133–140 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2002)6:2(133)
3
W J Qu, X L Zhang, H Q Huang. Flexural behavior of concrete beams reinforced with hybrid (GFRP and steel) bars. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2009, 13(5): 350–359 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000035
4
A El Refai, F Abed, A Al-Rahmani. Structural performance and serviceability of concrete beams reinforced with hybrid (GFRP and steel) bars. Construction & Building Materials, 2015, 96: 518–529 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.063
5
J P Newhook. Design of under-reinforced concrete T-sections with GFRP reinforcement. In: Humar J, Razaqpur A G, eds. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Advanced Composite Materials in Bridges and Structures. Montreal: Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, 2000, 153–160
L Pang, W J Qu, P Zhu, J J Xu. Design propositions for hybrid FRP-steel reinforced concrete beams. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2016, 20(4): 04015086 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000654
F Bencardino, A Condello, L Ombres. Numerical and analytical modeling of concrete beams with steel, FRP and hybrid FRP-steel reinforcements. Composite Structures, 2016, 140: 53–65 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.12.045
10
P Zhu, J J Xu, W J Qu, H Hao. Experimental study of fatigue flexural performance of concrete beams reinforced with hybrid GFRP and steel bars. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2017, 21(5): 04017036 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000817
11
J J Xu, P Zhu, Z J Ma, W J Qu. Fatigue flexural analysis of concrete beams reinforced with hybrid GFRP and steel bars. Engineering Structures, 2019, 199: 109635 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109635
12
L J Li, B Hou, Z Y Lu, F Liu. Fatigue behaviour of sea sand concrete beams reinforced with basalt fibre-reinforced polymer bars. Construction & Building Materials, 2018, 179: 160–171 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.218
13
J Zhao, G H Li, Z K Wang, X L Zhao. Fatigue behavior of concrete beams reinforced with glass- and carbon-fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP/CFRP) bars after exposure to elevated temperatures. Composite Structures, 2019, 229: 111427 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111427
14
X L Zhang. Flexural and shear behavior of concrete beams reinforced with hybrid (FRP and steel) bars. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Shanghai: Tongji University, 2010 (in Chinese)
15
L Pang. Investigation of concrete members reinforced with steel and FRP bars for sectional equal durability. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Shanghai: Tongji University, 2016 (in Chinese)
16
J Ruhnau. Influence of repeated loading on the stirrup stress of reinforced concrete beams. ACI Special Publications, 1974, 42(7): 169–181
17
H Okamura, S A Farghaly, T Ueda. Behaviors of reinforced concrete beams with stirrups failing in shear under fatigue loading. In: Proceedings of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers. Tokyo: Japan Society of Civil Engineers, 1981, 109–122
18
T Ueda. Behavior in shear of reinforced concrete beams under fatigue loading. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Tokyo: University of Tokyo, 1982
19
K H Kwak, J G Park. Shear-fatigue behavior of high-strength reinforced concrete beams under repeated loading. Structural Engineering and Mechanics, 2001, 11(3): 301–314 https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2001.11.3.301
20
S Teng, W Ma, F Wang. Shear strength of concrete deep beams under fatigue loading. ACI Structural Journal, 2000, 97(4): 572–580
21
B Isojeh, M El-Zeghayar, F J Vecchio. High-cycle fatigue life prediction of reinforced concrete deep beams. Engineering Structures, 2017, 150: 12–24 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.07.031
22
ACI 440.1R–15. Guide For The Design And Construction of Structural Concrete Reinforced With FRP Bars. Farmington Hills: American Concrete Institute, 2015
23
GB/T 228.1–2010. Metallic Materials-Tensile Testing-Part 1: Method of Test at Room Temperature. Beijing: General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China, 2010
24
GB/T 30022–2013. Test Method For Basic Mechanical Properties Of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Bar. Beijing: General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China, 2013
25
GB/T 50081–2002. Standard for Test Method of Mechanical Properties on Ordinary Concrete. Beijing: China Building Industry Press, 2002
26
ACI Committee 318–14. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary. Farmington Hills: American Concrete Institute, 2014
27
P H Bischoff. Reevaluation of deflection prediction for concrete beams reinforced with steel and fiber reinforced polymer bars. Journal of Structural Engineering, 2005, 131(5): 752–767 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2005)131:5(752)
28
S H Alsayed, Y A Al-Salloum, T H Almusallam. Performance of glass fiber reinforced plastic bars as a reinforcing material for concrete structures. Composites. Part B, Engineering, 2000, 31(6–7): 555–567 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-8368(99)00049-9
29
M M Rafi, A Nadjai, F Ali, D Talamona. Aspects of behaviour of CFRP reinforced concrete beams in bending. Construction & Building Materials, 2008, 22(3): 277–285 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.08.014
30
J Zhang, H Stang, V C Li. Fatigue life prediction of fiber reinforced concrete under flexural load. International Journal of Fatigue, 1999, 21(10): 1033–1049 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-1123(99)00093-6
31
ACI Committee 215. Considerations for design of concrete structures subjected to fatigue loading. ACI 215R–74 (Revised 1992/ Reapproved 1997). Farmington Hills: American Concrete Institute, 1997
32
P J Heffernan, M A Erki. Fatigue behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced plastic laminates. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2004, 8(2): 132–140 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2004)8:2(132)
AASHTO Committee. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. 7th ed. Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 2014
35
J M Hanson, C L Hulsbos, D A VanHorn. Fatigue tests of prestressed concrete I-beams. Journal of the Structural Division, 1970, 96(11): 2443–2464 https://doi.org/10.1061/JSDEAG.0002752
