Multi-scale investigation of active failure for various modes of wall movement
Ahmet Talha GEZGIN1, Behzad SOLTANBEIGI2, Adlen ALTUNBAS3, Ozer CINICIOGLU1()
1. Department of Civil Engineering, Bogazici University, Istanbul 34342, Turkey 2. Estimating & Engineering Department, Van Oord Dredging and Marine Contractors, Rotterdam 3063 NH, The Netherlands 3. Department of Civil Engineering, Medipol University, Istanbul 34810, Turkey
Retained backfill response to wall movement depends on factors that range from boundary conditions to the geometrical characteristic of individual particles. Hence, mechanical understanding of the problem warrants multi-scale analyses that investigate reciprocal relationships between macro and micro effects. Accordingly, this study attempts a multi-scale examination of failure evolution in cohesionless backfills. Therefore, the transition of retained backfills from at-rest condition to the active state is modeled using the discrete element method (DEM). DEM allows conducting virtual experiments, with which the variation of particle and boundary properties is straightforward. Hence, various modes of wall movement (translation and rotation) toward the active state are modeled using two different backfills with distinct particle shapes (spherical and nonspherical) under varying surcharge. For each model, cumulative rotations of single particles are tracked, and the results are used to analyze the evolution of shear bands and their geometric characteristics. Moreover, dependencies of lateral pressure coefficients and coordination numbers, as respective macro and micro behavior indicators, on particle shape, boundary conditions, and surcharge levels are investigated. Additionally, contact force networks are visually determined, and their influences on pressure distribution and deformation mechanisms are discussed with reference to the associated modes of wall movement and particle shapes.
. [J]. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 2021, 15(4): 961-979.
Ahmet Talha GEZGIN, Behzad SOLTANBEIGI, Adlen ALTUNBAS, Ozer CINICIOGLU. Multi-scale investigation of active failure for various modes of wall movement. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2021, 15(4): 961-979.
coefficient of sliding friction (µs) (particle-particle)
–
0–0.68
coefficient of interface friction (particle-geometry)
–
0.45
Poisson’s ratio
–
0.25
restitution coefficient
–
0.35
shear modulus
Pa
2.8e10
DEM time-step
s
2e–7
Tab.1
particle type
shape
sphericity
roundness
M1
1
1
M2
0.9
0.7
Tab.2
parameter
unit
value
porosity (M1 and M2)
–
0.35
mean particle size, D50 (M1 and M2)
mm
5.75
coefficient of uniformity (M1 and M2)
–
1.25
coefficient of curvature (M1 and M2)
–
1
Tab.3
Fig.3
Fig.4
Fig.5
Fig.6
Fig.7
particle type
q (kPa)
K0
M1
0
1.13
??0.5
0.86
1
0.72
M2
0
0.61
??0.5
0.58
1
0.55
Tab.4
particle type
Ka (HT)
Ka (RB)
Ka (RT)
M1
0.22
0.23
0.30
M2
0.20
0.15
0.21
Tab.5
Fig.8
Fig.9
Fig.10
Fig.11
Fig.12
Fig.13
Fig.14
Fig.15
1
C A Coulomb. An attempt to apply the rules of maxima and minima to several problems of stability related to architecture. Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Sciences, 1776, 7: 343–382
2
W J M Rankine. On the stability of loose earth. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1857, 147: 9–27 https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1857.0003
3
K Terzaghi. A fundamental fallacy in earth pressure computations. Boston Society of Civil Engineers Journal, 1936, 23(2): 71–88
4
Z V Tsagareli. Experimental investigation of the pressure of a loose medium on retaining walls with a vertical back face and horizontal backfill surface. Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 1965, 2(4): 197–200 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01706095
5
R J Narain, S Saran, P Nandakumaran. Model study of passive pressure in sand. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, 1969, 95(4): 969–984 https://doi.org/10.1061/JSFEAQ.0001318
Z C Tang. A rigid retaining wall centrifuge model test of cohesive soil. Journal of Chongqing Jiaotong University, 1988, 25(2): 48–56
8
J Wang, X Lin, H Chai, J Xu. Coulomb-type solutions for passive earth pressure with steady seepage. Frontiers of Architecture and Civil Engineering in China, 2008, 2(1): 56–66 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-008-0001-2
9
A Hamrouni, D Dias, B Sbartai. Soil spatial variability impact on the behavior of a reinforced earth wall. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 2020, 14(2): 518–531 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-020-0611-x
10
H Wen, Q Cheng, F Meng, X Chen. Diaphragm wall-soil-cap interaction in rectangular-closed diaphragm-wall bridge foundations. Frontiers of Architecture and Civil Engineering in China, 2009, 3(1): 93–100 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-009-0015-4
11
D J White , W A Take, M D Bolton. Soil deformation measurement using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and photogrammetry. Geothechnique, 2003, 53(7): 619–631 https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2003.53.7.619
12
S A Stanier, J Blaber, W A Take, D J White. Improved image-based deformation measurement for geotechnical applications. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 2016, 53(5): 727–739 https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2015-0253
13
N Salehi Alamdari, M H Khosravi, H Katebi. Distribution of lateral active earth pressure on a rigid retaining wall under various motion modes. International Journal of Mining and Geo-Engineering, 2020, 54(1): 15–25 https://doi.org/10.22059/IJMGE.2019.280916.594805
14
S Patel, K Deb. Study of active earth pressure behind a vertical retaining wall subjected to rotation about the base. International Journal of Geomechanics, 2020, 20(4): 04020028 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001639
15
S G Paikowsky, H S Tien. Experimental examination of the arching mechanism on the micro level. In: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Discrete Element Methods. New Mexico: ASCE Press, 2002, 222–228 https://doi.org/10.1061/40647(259)40
16
Y Fang, L Guo, M Hou. Arching effect analysis of granular media based on force chain visualization. Powder Technology, 2020, 363: 621–628 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2020.01.038
17
Z He, Z Liu, X Liu, H Bian. Improved method for determining active earth pressure considering arching effect and actual slip surface. Journal of Central South University, 2020, 27(7): 2032–2042 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-020-4428-5
18
K Nuebel. Experimental and numerical investigation of shear localization in granular material. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Baden Wurttemberg: Karlsruhe University, 2002
19
M Niedostatkiewicz, D Lesniewska, J Tejchman. Experimental analysis of shear zone patterns in cohesionless for earth pressure problems using particle image velocimetry. Strain, 2011, 47: 218–231 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1305.2010.00761.x
20
C Gutberlet, R Katzenbach, K Hutter. Experimental investigation into the influence of stratification on the passive earth pressure. Acta Geotechnica, 2013, 8(5): 497–507 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-013-0270-3
21
B Soltanbeigi, A Altunbas, O Cinicioglu. Influence of dilatancy on shear band characteristics of granular backfills. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 2021, 25(7): 1201–1218 https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2019.1572542
22
M Pietrzak, D Leśniewska. Strains inside shear bands observed in tests on model retaining wall in active state. In: Micro to Macro Mathematical Modelling in Soil Mechanics. Reggio Calabria: Springer, 2018, 257–265 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99474-1_26
23
D Leśniewska, M Nitka, J Tejchman, M Pietrzak. Contact force network evolution in active earth pressure state of granular materials: Photo-elastic tests and DEM. Granular Matter, 2020, 22(3): 1–31 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-020-01033-x
24
M H Khosravi, T Pipatpongsa, J Takemura. Experimental analysis of earth pressure against rigid retaining walls under translation mode. Geotechnique, 2013, 63(12): 1020–1028 https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.12.P.021
A Altunbas, B Soltanbeigi, O Cinicioglu. Determination of active failure surface geometry for cohesionless backfills. Geomechanics and Engineering, 2017, 12(6): 983–1001 https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2017.12.6.983
27
M G Li, J J Chen, J H Wang. Arching effect on lateral pressure of confined granular material: Numerical and theoretical analysis. Granular Matter, 2017, 19(2): 20 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-017-0700-2
28
Q Y Zhou, Y T Zhou, X M Wang, P Z Yang. Estimation of active earth pressure on a translating rigid retaining wall considering soil arching effect. Indian Geotechnical Journal, 2018, 48(3): 541–548 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-017-0252-8
29
M Yang, X Tang. Rigid retaining walls with narrow cohesionless backfills under various wall movement modes. International Journal of Geomechanics, 2017, 17(11): 04017098 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001007
T Rabczuk, G Zi, S Bordas, H Nguyen-Xuan. A simple and robust three-dimensional cracking-particle method without enrichment. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 2010, 199(37–40): 2437–2455
32
T Rabczuk, T Belytschko. Cracking particles: A simplified meshfree method for arbitrary evolving cracks. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 2004, 61(13): 2316–2343
33
T Rabczuk, T Belytschko. A three-dimensional large deformation meshfree method for arbitrary evolving cracks. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 2007, 196(29–30): 2777–2799
34
H Ren, X Zhuang, Y Cai, T Rabczuk. Dual-horizon peridynamics. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 2016, 108(12): 1451–1476
35
H Ren, X Zhuang, T Rabczuk. Dual-horizon peridynamics: A stable solution to varying horizons. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 2017, 318: 762–782
36
M Jiang, H Zhu, X Li. Strain localization analyses of idealized sands in biaxial tests by distinct element method. Frontiers of Architecture and Civil Engineering in China, 2010, 4(2): 208–222 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-010-0025-2
37
P Raychowdhury, S Jindal. Shallow foundation response variability due to soil and model parameter uncertainty. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 2014, 8(3): 237–251 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-014-0242-1
38
Y Guo, X B Yu. Design and analyses of open-ended pipe piles in cohesionless soils. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 2016, 10(1): 22–29 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-016-0314-5
39
J Tejchman, J Kozicki, D Leśniewska. Discrete simulations of shear zone patterning in sand in earth pressure problems of a retaining wall. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 2011, 48(7–8): 1191–1209 https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2011.01.005
40
S S Nadukuru, R L Michalowski. Arching in distribution of active load on retaining walls. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2012, 138(5): 575–584 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000617
41
M Jiang, J He, J Wang, F Liu, W Zhang. Distinct simulation of earth pressure against a rigid retaining wall considering inter-particle rolling resistance in sandy backfill. Granular Matter, 2014, 16(5): 797–814 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-014-0515-3
42
M Yang, B Deng. Simplified method for calculating the active earth pressure on retaining walls of narrow backfill width based on dem analysis. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2019, 2019: 1–12 https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1507825
43
A Albaba, S Lambert, F Nicot, B Chareyre. Relation between microstructure and loading applied by a granular flow to a rigid wall using DEM modeling. Granular Matter, 2015, 17(5): 603–616 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-015-0579-8
44
M Nitka, J Tejchman, J Kozicki. Discrete modelling of micro-structural phenomena in granular shear zones. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Bifurcation and Degradation in Geomaterials. Limassol: Springer, 2014, 7–12 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13506-9_2
45
R P Chen, Q W Liu, H N Wu, H L Wang, F Y Meng. Effect of particle shape on the development of 2D soil arching. Computers and Geotechnics, 2020, 125: 103662 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103662
46
J Wu, L Wang, Q Cheng. Soil arching effect of Lattice-Shaped Diaphragm Wall as bridge foundation. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 2017, 11(4): 446–454 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-017-0397-7
47
M H Khosravi, F H Azad, M Bahaaddini, T Pipatpongsa. DEM analysis of backfilled walls subjected to active translation mode. International Journal of Mining and Geo-Engineering, 2017, 51(2): 191–197 https://doi.org/10.22059/IJMGE.2017.233613.594675
48
C O’Sullivan. Particulate Discrete Element Modelling: A Geomechanics Perspective. 1st ed. London: Tylor and Francis Group, 2011 https://doi.org/10.1201/9781482266498
49
EDEM. EDEM 2018 User Guide, 2018
50
H Talebi, M Silani, S P A Bordas, P Kerfriden, T Rabczuk. A computational library for multiscale modeling of material failure. Computational Mechanics, 2014, 53(5): 1047–1071 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00466-013-0948-2
51
P R Budarapu, R Gracie, S P A Bordas, T Rabczuk. An adaptive multiscale method for quasi-static crack growth. Computational Mechanics, 2014, 53(6): 1129–1148 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00466-013-0952-6
J P de Bono, G R McDowell. On the micro mechanics of yielding and hardening of crushable granular soils. Computers and Geotechnics, 2018, 97(January): 167–188 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.01.010
A Grabowski, M Nitka, J Tejchman. 3D DEM simulations of monotonic interface behaviour between cohesionless sand and rigid wall of different roughness. Acta Geotechnica, 2021, 16(4):1001–1026 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-020-01085-6
J P de Bono, G R McDowell. Micro mechanics of drained and undrained shearing of compacted and overconsolidated crushable sand. Geotechnique, 2017, 68(7): 575–589 https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.16.P.318
V Bandini, M R Coop. The influence of particle breakage on the location of the critical state line of sands. Soils and Foundations, 2011, 51(4): 591–600 https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.51.591
60
G C Cho, J Dodds, J C Santamarina. Particle shape effects on packing density, stiffness, and strength: Natural and crushed sands. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2006, 132(5): 591–602 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:5(591)
61
B Soltanbeigi, S Papanicolopulos, J Y Ooi. Particle shape effect on deformation localization during quasi-static flow at active state. In: 5th International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Mechanics. Tehran, 2016
62
B Soltanbeigi, A Podlozhnyuk, C Kloss, S Pirker, J Y Ooi, S A Papanicolopulos. Influence of various DEM shape representation methods on packing and shearing of granular assemblies. Granular Matter, 2021, 23(2): 26 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-020-01078-y
63
K M Hamdia, M Silani, X Zhuang, P He, T Rabczuk. Stochastic analysis of the fracture toughness of polymeric nanoparticle composites using polynomial chaos expansions. International Journal of Fracture, 2017, 206(2): 215–227 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10704-017-0210-6
64
K M Hamdia, H Ghasemi, X Zhuang, N Alajlan, T Rabczuk. Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis for flexoelectric nanostructures. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 2018, 337: 95–109 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2018.03.016
65
N Vu-Bac, T Lahmer, X Zhuang, T Nguyen-Thoi, T Rabczuk. A software framework for probabilistic sensitivity analysis for computationally expensive models. Advances in Engineering Software, 2016, 100(October): 19–31 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2016.06.005
66
M Oda, H Kazama. Microstructure of shear bands and its relation to the mechanisms of dilatancy and failure of dense granular soils. Geotechnique, 1998, 48(4): 465–481 https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1998.48.4.465
67
H Zheng, D Wang, X Tong, L Li, R P Behringer. Granular scale responses in the shear band region. Granular Matter, 2019, 21(4): 1–6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-019-0958-7
68
R J Fannin, A Eliadorani, J M T Wilkinson. Shear strength of cohesionless soils at low stress. Geotechnique, 2005, 55(6): 467–478 https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2005.55.6.467
69
O Cinicioglu, A Abadkon. Dilatancy and friction angles based on in situ soil conditions. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2015, 141(4): 06014019 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001272
70
S Amirpour Harehdasht, M N Hussien, M Karray, V Roubtsova, M Chekired. Influence of particle size and gradation on shear strength–dilation relation of granular materials. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 2019, 56(2): 208–227 https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2017-0468
71
C Arda, O Cinicioglu. The influences of micro-mechanical properties of cohesionless soils on active failure surface geometries. Teknik Dergi, 2019, 30(5): 9399–9420 (in Turkish) https://doi.org/10.18400/tekderg.397658
72
W Fei, G A Narsilio. Impact of three-dimensional sphericity and roundness on coordination number. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2020, 146(12): 06020025 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002389
73
J Fonseca, C O’Sullivan, M R Coop, P D Lee. Quantifying the evolution of soil fabric during shearing using scalar parameters. Geotechnique, 2013, 63(10): 818–829 https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.11.P.150
74
J Fonseca, W W Sim, T Shire, C O’Sullivan, Y Wang, Y A H Dallo. Microstructural analysis of sands with varying degrees of internal stability. Geotechnique, 2015, 65(7): 620–623 https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.14.D.006
75
A T Gezgin, B Soltanbeigi, O Cinicioglu. Discrete-element modelling of pile penetration to reveal influence of soil characteristics. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers- Geotechnical Engineering, 2020, 1–42 https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeen.20.00134
