1. Department of Geotechnical Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China 2. Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China 3. China Shipbuilding NDRI Engineering Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200063, China
This paper presents a novel approach for simulating the localized leakage behavior of segmentally lined tunnels based on a cohesive zone model. The proposed approach not only simulates localized leakage at the lining segment, but also captures the hydromechanically coupled seepage behavior at the segmental joints. It is first verified via a tunnel drainage experiment, which reveals its merits over the existing local hydraulic conductivity method. Subsequently, a parametric study is conducted to investigate the effects of the aperture size, stratum permeability, and spatial distribution of drainage holes on the leakage behavior, stratum seepage field, and leakage-induced mechanical response of the tunnel lining. The proposed approach yields more accurate results than the classical local hydraulic conductivity method. Moreover, it is both computationally efficient and stable. Localized leakage leads to reduced local ground pressure, which further induces outward deformation near the leakage point and slight inward deformation at its diametrically opposite side. A localized stress arch spanning across the leakage point is observed, which manifests as the rotation of the principal stresses in the adjacent area. The seepage field depends on both the number and location of the leakage zones. Pseudostatic seepage zones, in which the seepage rate is significantly lower than that of the adjacent area, appear when multiple seepage zones are considered. Finally, the importance of employing the hydromechanical coupled mechanism at the segment joints is highlighted by cases of shallowly buried tunnels subjected to surface loading and pressure tunnels while considering internal water pressure.
It assumes that the entire tunnel drainage is uniform, with a single parameter representing the lining permeability.
It disregards the difference in the local leakage behavior of joints, handholes, and segments. The lining permeability is difficult to calibrate. The ground movement and pore pressure may be inaccurate when applied to a shallowly buried tunnel [4].
[26,27]
PLAXIS 2D
[28]
ABAQUS
Fig.1(b): partial hydraulic conductivity method
[29]
ABAQUS
It considers the variation in leakage behaviors throughout the lining structure based on field survey data of leakage [6].
It is similar to the equivalent hydraulic conductivity method and does not offer a refined simulation of local leakage.
[6]
ABAQUS
[30]
FLAC
Fig.1(c)–1(e): local hydraulic conductivity method
[21]
ICFEP
The local leakage behavior can be explicitly simulated.
The permeability coefficient and the width of the leakage area cannot be determined easily. Moreover, the coupling between the hydraulic and mechanical behaviors at the leakage area is not considered.
[4,31]
ABAQUS
[32]
FLAC
Fig.1(f): inflow rate method
[22]
not mentioned
The leakage rate is applied directly on the soil near the tunnel extrados; thus, the hydraulic conductivity need not be specified to the lining.
The accuracy of seepage field relies on the prescribed leakage rate or the implemented hydromechanical leakage behavior.
[23,24]
ABAQUS
Tab.1
Fig.2
Fig.3
Fig.4
Fig.5
Fig.6
material
density (kg/m3)
elasticity modulus (GPa)
Poisson’s ratio
void ratio
stratum
2000
1.5
0.35
0.2
lining
2500
35.0
0.20
0.1
Tab.2
Fig.7
Fig.8
Fig.9
Fig.10
Fig.11
Fig.12
Fig.13
Fig.14
Fig.15
Fig.16
Fig.17
Fig.18
Fig.19
Fig.20
Fig.21
Fig.22
1
Z G Zhang, M D Mao, Y T Pan, M X Zhang, S K Ma, Z Cheng, Z Wu. Experimental study for joint leakage process of tunnel lining and particle flow numerical simulation. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2022, 138(3): 106348 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2022.106348
2
P Arjnoi, J Jeong, C Kim, K Park. Effect of drainage conditions on porewater pressure distributions and lining stresses in drained tunnels. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2009, 24(4): 376–389 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2008.10.006
3
S L Shen, H N Wu, Y J Cui, Z Y Yin. Long-term settlement behaviour of metro tunnels in the soft deposits of Shanghai. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2014, 40(11): 309–323 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2013.10.013
4
H N Wu, S L Shen, R P Chen, A Zhou. Three-dimensional numerical modelling on localised leakage in segmental lining of shield tunnels. Computers and Geotechnics, 2020, 122(2): 103549 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103549
5
H N Wu, R Q Huang, W J Sun, S L Shen, Y S Xu, Y Liu, S J Du. Leaking behavior of shield tunnels under the Huangpu River of Shanghai with induced hazards. Natural Hazards, 2014, 70(2): 1115–1132 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-013-0863-z
6
D M Zhang, L X Ma, J Zhang, P Y Hicher, C H Juang. Ground and tunnel responses induced by partial leakage in saturated clay with anisotropic permeability. Engineering Geology, 2015, 189(2): 104–115 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.02.005
7
L C Huang, J J Ma, M F Lei, L H Liu, Y X Lin, Z Y Zhang. Soil−water inrush induced shield tunnel lining damage and its stabilization: A case study. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2020, 97(1): 103290 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2020.103290
8
D M Zhang, X C Xie, M L Zhou, Z K Huang, D M Zhang. An incident of water and soil gushing in a metro tunnel due to high water pressure in sandy silt. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2021, 121(12): 105196 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2020.105196
9
L P Li, W F Tu, S S Shi, J X Chen, Y H Zhang. Mechanism of water inrush in tunnel construction in karst area. Geomatics, Natural Hazards & Risk, 2016, 7(Suppl1): 35–46 https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2016.1181342
10
Y Zhao, P F Li, S M Tian. Prevention and treatment technologies of railway tunnel water inrush and mud gushing in China. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 2013, 5(6): 468–477 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2013.07.009
11
L Zhou, H H Zhu, Z G Yan, Y Shen, H Meng, L X Guan, Z Y Wen. Experimental testing on ductile-iron joint panels for high-stiffness segmental joints of deep-buried drainage shield tunnels. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2019, 87(9): 145–159 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2019.02.009
12
G W Xu, C He, C Qi, Z Zhang, C Dai. Study on water pressure distribution and inner force of drainaged segment lining. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Pipelines and Trenchless Technology 2012. Wuhan: ASCE, 2013, 1502–1511
13
L YuL FangY C DongM N Wang. Research on the evaluation method of the hydraulic pressure on tunnel lining according to the range of seepage field. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2018, 37(10): 2288−2298 (in Chinese)
14
H S Shin, D J Youn, S E Chae, J H Shin. Effective control of pore water pressures on tunnel linings using pin-hole drain method. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2009, 24(5): 555–561 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2009.02.006
15
D Kolymbas, P Wagner. Groundwater ingress to tunnels—The exact analytical solution. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2007, 22(1): 23–27 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2006.02.001
16
K H Park, A Owatsiriwong, J G Lee. Analytical solution for steady-state groundwater inflow into a drained circular tunnel in a semi-infinite aquifer: A revisit. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2008, 23(2): 206–209 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2007.02.004
17
E J Joo, J H Shin. Relationship between water pressure and inflow rate in underwater tunnels and buried pipes. Geotechnique, 2014, 64(3): 226–231 https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.12.P.185
18
X Li. Stress and displacement fields around a deep circular tunnel with partial sealing. Computers and Geotechnics, 1999, 24(2): 125–140 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-352X(98)00035-4
19
M Huangfu, M S Wang, Z S Tan, X Y Wang. Analytical solutions for steady seepage into an underwater circular tunnel. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2010, 25(4): 391–396 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2010.02.002
20
R A FreezeJ A Cherry. Groundwater. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1979
21
J H Shin, S H Kim, Y S Shin. Long-term mechanical and hydraulic interaction and leakage evaluation of segmented tunnels. Soil and Foundation, 2012, 52(1): 38–48 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2012.01.011
22
H N Wu, Y S Xu, S L Shen, J C Chai. Long-term settlement behavior of ground around shield tunnel due to leakage of water in soft deposit of Shanghai. Frontiers of Architecture and Civil Engineering in China, 2011, 5(2): 194–198 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-011-0105-y
23
Y C PengC J GongW Q DingM F LeiC H ShiY Z Wang. Fluid-structure coupling model of shield tunnel considering seepage of segmental joints. China Civil Engineering Journal, 2022, 55(4): 95−108 (in Chinese)
24
C J Gong, Y Y Wang, Y C Peng, W Q Ding, M F Lei, Z H Da, C H Shi. Three-dimensional coupled hydromechanical analysis of localized joint leakage in segmental tunnel linings. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2022, 130(5): 104726 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2022.104726
25
J H Shin, T I Addenbrooke, D M Potts. A numerical study of the effect of groundwater movement on long-term tunnel behaviour. Geotechnique, 2002, 52(6): 391–403 https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2002.52.6.391
26
B A Olumide, M Marence. A finite element model for optimum design of plain concrete pressure tunnels under high internal pressure. International Journal of Science and Technology, 2012, 1(5): 216–223
27
B A Olumide. Numerical coupling of stress and seepage in the design of pressure tunnel under to high internal water pressure. IACSIT International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2013, 3(3): 235–244
28
J Wongsaroj, K Soga, R J Mair. Tunnelling-induced consolidation settlements in London clay. Geotechnique, 2013, 63(13): 1103–1115 https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.12.P.126
29
J Wongsaroj, K Soga, R J Mair. Modelling of long-term ground response to tunnelling under St James’s Park, London. Geotechnique, 2011, 57(1): 253–268
30
Y L ZhengM L LiM Y WangL D Yang. Study on influence of seepage of metro tunnels in soft soil on the settlements of tunnels and ground. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2005, 27(2): 243−247 (in Chinese)
31
Y X Wu, H M Lyu, S L Shen, A Zhou. A three-dimensional fluid−solid coupled numerical modeling of the barrier leakage below the excavation surface due to dewatering. Hydrogeology Journal, 2020, 28(4): 1449–1463 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02142-w
32
Z H SunY TangT Liu. The influence of partial water leakage on the mechanical properties of shield tunnels. Modern Tunnelling Technology, 2021, 58(4): 141−149 (in Chinese)
33
SIMULIA. ABAQUS User’s Manual, 2020
34
B Lorenz, B N J Persson. Leak rate of seals: Effective-medium theory and comparison with experiment. European Physical Journal E, 2010, 31(2): 159–167 https://doi.org/10.1140/epje/i2010-10558-6
35
C H Shi, C Y Cao, M F Lei, W C Yang. Sealant performance test and stress–seepage coupling model for tunnel segment joints. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 2019, 44(5): 4201–4212 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-018-3357-1
36
F Y Wang, H W Huang. Theoretical analysis of the joint leakage in shield tunnel considering the typical deformation mode. International Journal of Geomechanics, 2020, 20(12): 04020218 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001861
37
Z C GuanX D GouT WangY J Jiang. Seepage discharge and equivalent permeability coefficient of shield tunnel based on joint effective opening. Journal of Engineering Geology, 2021, 29(1): 256–263 (in Chinese)
38
Q C Zhao. Study on the design method of double-shielded TBM drainage segment structure in high water pressure. Thesis for the Master’s Degree. Chengdu: Southwest Jiaotong University, 2018 (in Chinese)
39
J Qiu, Y Lu, J Lai, C Guo, K Wang. Failure behavior investigation of loess metro tunnel under local-high-pressure water environment. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2020, 115(5): 104631 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2020.104631
40
M A N HendriksA de BoerB Belletti. Guidelines for Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Concrete Structures. Rijkswaterstaat Centre for Infrastructure, Report RTD 1016.1. 2017, 1011–1016
41
A M Neville. Properties of Concrete. London: Longman, 1995
J L Zhang, H A Mang, X Liu, Y Yuan, B Pichler. On a nonlinear hybrid method for multiscale analysis of a bearing-capacity test of a real-scale segmental tunnel ring. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 2019, 43(7): 1343–1372 https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.2894
44
D M ZhangZ Y FanH W Huang. Calculation method of shield tunnel lining considering mechanical characteristics of joints. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2010, 31(8): 2546–2552 (in Chinese)
45
J C Xie, J C Wang, W M Huang, Z X Yang, R Q Xu. Numerical investigation on cracking behavior of shield tunnel lining subjected to surface loading: A parametric study. In: Advances in Innovative Geotechnical Engineering: Proceedings of the 6th GeoChina International Conference on Civil & Transportation Infrastructures: From Engineering to Smart & Green Life Cycle Solutions––Nanchang, China, 2021. Cham: Springer, 2021, 65–79
