The performance of a new fiber-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) system developed using custom-designed mortar and fabrics is investigated in this study. The behavior of this system is evaluated in terms of both the flexural and shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams. Eight beams are designed to assess the effectiveness of the FRCM system in terms of flexural strengthening, and four specimens are designed to investigate their shear behavior. The parameters investigated for flexural strengthening are the number of layers, span/depth ratio, and the strengthening method. Unlike previous studies, custom fabrics with similar axial stiffness are used in all strengthening methods in this study. In the shear-strengthened specimens, the effects of the span/depth ratio and strengthening system type (fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) or FRCM) are investigated. The proposed FRCM system exhibits desirable flexural and shear strengthening for enhancing the load capacity, provides sufficient bonding with the substrate, and prevents premature failure modes. Considering the similar axial stiffness of fabrics used in both FRCM and FRP systems and the higher load capacity of specimens strengthened by the former, cement-based mortar performs better than epoxy.
L Ombres. Flexural analysis of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with a cement based high strength composite material. Composite Structures, 2011, 94(1): 143–155 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2011.07.008
2
S Babaeidarabad, G Loreto, A Nanni. Flexural strengthening of RC beams with an externally bonded fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2014, 18(5): 04014009 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000473
3
J Sabzi, M R Esfahani. Effects of tensile steel bars arrangement on concrete cover separation of RC beams strengthened by CFRP sheets. Construction & Building Materials, 2018, 162: 470–479 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.053
4
J Sabzi, M R Esfahani, T Ozbakkaloglu, B Farahi. Effect of concrete strength and longitudinal reinforcement arrangement on the performance of reinforced concrete beams strengthened using EBR and EBROG methods. Engineering Structures, 2020, 205: 110072 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.110072
5
L H Sneed, S Verre, C Carloni, L Ombres. Flexural behavior of RC beams strengthened with steel-FRCM composite. Engineering Structures, 2016, 127: 686–699 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.09.006
6
U Ebead, H El-Sherif. Near surface embedded-FRCM for flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete beams. Construction & Building Materials, 2019, 204: 166–176 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.145
7
F Bencardino, C Carloni, A Condello, F Focacci, A Napoli, R Realfonzo. Flexural behaviour of RC members strengthened with FRCM: State-of-the-art and predictive formulas. Composites. Part B, Engineering, 2018, 148: 132–148 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.04.051
8
U Ebead, K C Shrestha, M S Afzal, A El Refai, A Nanni. Effectiveness of fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix in strengthening reinforced concrete beams. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2017, 21(2): 04016084 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000741
9
A Mandor, A El Refai. Flexural response of reinforced concrete continuous beams strengthened with fiber-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM). Engineering Structures, 2022, 251: 113557 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.113557
10
Z R Aljazaeri, J J Myers. Strengthening of reinforced-concrete beams in shear with a fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2017, 21(5): 04017041 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000822
11
T G Wakjira, U Ebead. Hybrid NSE/EB technique for shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams using FRCM: Experimental study. Construction & Building Materials, 2018, 164: 164–177 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.224
12
D Marcinczak, T Trapko, M Musiał. Shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams with PBO-FRCM composites with anchorage. Composites. Part B, Engineering, 2019, 158: 149–161 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.09.061
13
J H Gonzalez-Libreros, L H Sneed, T D’Antino, C Pellegrino. Behavior of RC beams strengthened in shear with FRP and FRCM composites. Engineering Structures, 2017, 150: 830–842 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.07.084
14
R Azam, K Soudki, J S West, M Noël. Behavior of shear-critical RC beams strengthened with CFRCM. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2018, 22(1): 04017046 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000829
J Donnini, S Spagnuolo, V Corinaldesi. A comparison between the use of FRP, FRCM and HPM for concrete confinement. Composites. Part B, Engineering, 2019, 160: 586–594 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.12.111
17
F Faleschini, M A Zanini, L Hofer, K Toska, D de Domenico, C Pellegrino. Confinement of reinforced concrete columns with glass fiber reinforced cementitious matrix jackets. Engineering Structures, 2020, 218: 110847 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110847
18
A Brückner, R Ortlepp, M Curbach. Textile reinforced concrete for strengthening in bending and shear. Materials and Structures, 2006, 39(8): 741–748 https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-005-9027-2
19
F G Carozzi, C Poggi. Mechanical properties and debonding strength of fabric reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) systems for masonry strengthening. Composites. Part B, Engineering, 2015, 70: 215–230 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.10.056
20
M A Aiello, F Bencardino, A Cascardi, T D’Antino, M Fagone, I Frana, Mendola L La, G P Lignola, C Mazzotti, F Micelli, G Minafò, A Napoli, L Ombres, M C Oddo, C Poggi, A Prota, G Ramaglia, G Ranocchiai, R Realfonzo, S Verre. Masonry columns confined with fabric reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) systems: A round robin test. Construction & Building Materials, 2021, 298: 123816 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123816
21
H Akbari Hadad, A Nanni, U A Ebead, A El Refai. Static and fatigue performance of FRCM-strengthened concrete beams. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2018, 22(5): 04018033 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000868
22
Z R Aljazaeri, J J Myers. Fatigue and flexural behavior of reinforced-concrete beams strengthened with fiber-reinforced cementitious matrix. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2017, 21(1): 04016075 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000726
23
M Elghazy, A El Refai, U Ebead, A Nanni. Fatigue and monotonic behaviors of corrosion-damaged reinforced concrete beams strengthened with FRCM composites. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2018, 22(5): 04018040 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000875
24
M Elghazy, A El Refai, U Ebead, A Nanni. Post-repair flexural performance of corrosion-damaged beams rehabilitated with fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM). Construction & Building Materials, 2018, 166: 732–744 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.128
25
D de Domenico, S Urso, C Borsellino, N Spinella, A Recupero. Bond behavior and ultimate capacity of notched concrete beams with externally-bonded FRP and PBO-FRCM systems under different environmental conditions. Construction & Building Materials, 2020, 265: 121208 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121208
26
F Ceroni, A Bonati, V Galimberti, A Occhiuzzi. Effects of environmental conditioning on the bond behavior of FRP and FRCM systems applied to concrete elements. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 2018, 144(1): 04017144 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0001375
27
D de Domenico, A Quattrocchi, D Alizzio, R Montanini, S Urso, G Ricciardi, A Recupero. Experimental characterization of the FRCM-concrete interface bond behavior assisted by digital image correlation. Sensors (Basel), 2021, 21(4): 1154 https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041154
28
O Awani, T El-Maaddawy, N Ismail. Fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix: A promising strengthening technique for concrete structures. Construction & Building Materials, 2017, 132: 94–111 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.125
29
T El-Maaddawy, A El Refai. Innovative repair of severely corroded T-beams using fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2016, 20(3): 04015073 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000641
30
T Blanksvärd, B Täljsten, A Carolin. Shear strengthening of concrete structures with the use of mineral-based composites. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2009, 13(1): 25–34 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2009)13:1(25
31
E Tzoura, T C Triantafillou. Shear strengthening of reinforced concrete T-beams under cyclic loading with TRM or FRP jackets. Materials and Structures, 2016, 49(1): 17–28 https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0470-9
32
A D’Ambrisi, F Focacci. Flexural strengthening of RC beams with cement-based composites. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2011, 15(5): 707–720 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000218
33
C Escrig, L Gil, E Bernat-Maso, F Puigvert. Experimental and analytical study of reinforced concrete beams shear strengthened with different types of textile-reinforced mortar. Construction & Building Materials, 2015, 83: 248–260 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.013
34
S P Yin, J Sheng, X X Wang, S G Li. Experimental investigations of the bending fatigue performance of TRC-strengthened RC beams in conventional and aggressive chlorate environments. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2016, 20(2): 04015051 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000617
35
F Schladitz, M Frenzel, D Ehlig, M Curbach. Bending load capacity of reinforced concrete slabs strengthened with textile reinforced concrete. Engineering Structures, 2012, 40: 317–326 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.02.029
36
G Loreto, L Leardini, D Arboleda, A Nanni. Performance of RC slab-type elements strengthened with fabric-reinforced cementitious-matrix composites. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2014, 18(3): A4013003 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000415
37
Z C Tetta, L N Koutas, D A Bournas. Textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) versus fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) in shear strengthening of concrete beams. Composites. Part B, Engineering, 2015, 77: 338–348 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.03.055
38
T C Triantafillou, C G Papanicolaou. Shear strengthening of reinforced concrete members with textile reinforced mortar (TRM) jackets. Materials and Structures, 2006, 39(1): 93–103 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11527-005-9034-3
39
Y A Al-Salloum, H M Elsanadedy, S H Alsayed, R A Iqbal. Experimental and numerical study for the shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams using textile-reinforced mortar. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2012, 16(1): 74–90 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000239
40
A Bousselham, O Chaallal. Effect of transverse steel and shear span on the performance of RC beams strengthened in shear with CFRP. Composites. Part B, Engineering, 2006, 37(1): 37–46 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2005.05.012
41
W Li, C K Leung. Effect of shear span−depth ratio on mechanical performance of RC beams strengthened in shear with U-wrapping FRP strips. Composite Structures, 2017, 177: 141–157 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.06.059
42
W Li, Z Huang, Z Huang, X Yang, T Shi, F Xing. Shear behavior of RC beams with corroded stirrups strengthened using FRP laminates: Effect of the shear span-to-depth ratio. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2020, 24(4): 04020033 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0001042
43
M A Al-Saawani, A K El-Sayed, A I Al-Negheimish. Effect of shear-span/depth ratio on debonding failures of FRP-strengthened RC beams. Journal of Building Engineering, 2020, 32: 101771 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101771
44
H Dabiri, V Farhangi, M J Moradi, M Zadehmohamad, M Karakouzian. Applications of decision tree and random forest as tree-based machine learning techniques for analyzing the ultimate strain of spliced and non-spliced reinforcement bars. Applied Sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 2022, 12(10): 4851 https://doi.org/10.3390/app12104851
45
C109/C109M-02 ASTM. Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or (50-mm) Cube Specimens). West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2016
46
C307-18 ASTM. Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength of Chemical-Resistant Mortar, Grouts, and Monolithic Surfacings. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2018
47
A Cladera, A Marí, J M Bairán, C Ribas, E Oller, N Duarte. The compression chord capacity model for the shear design and assessment of reinforced and prestressed concrete beams. Structural Concrete, 2016, 17(6): 1017–1032 https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201500214
48
D de Domenico, G Ricciardi. Shear strength of RC beams with stirrups using an improved Eurocode 2 truss model with two variable-inclination compression struts. Engineering Structures, 2019, 198: 109359 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109359
49
318-14 ACI. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-14): An ACI Standard: Commentary on Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318R-14). Farmington Hills, MI: ACI Committee 318, 2014
50
549 ACI. Guide to Design and Construction of Externally Bonded Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) Systems for Repair and Strengthening Concrete and Masonry Structures. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI Committee 318, 2013
51
A Mandor, A El Refai. Assessment and modeling of the debonding failure of fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) systems. Composite Structures, 2021, 275: 114394 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.114394
52
T G Wakjira, M Ibrahim, U Ebead, M S Alam. Explainable machine learning model and reliability analysis for flexural capacity prediction of RC beams strengthened in flexure with FRCM. Engineering Structures, 2022, 255: 113903 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.113903
53
CAN/CSA-S6-06. Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code. Toronto: Canadian Standard Association, 2006