1. Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China 2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 3. State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China 4. Division of Soil and Water Management, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 Box 2459, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
● ARGs and ARB in typical environments which exposed to antibiotics are prevalent.
● Nanoparticle- and photosensitizer-related technology can clear specific ARGs or ARB.
● CRISPR-Cas- and phage-related technology can eliminate particular ARGs or ARB.
● Antibiotic combination can be used to eliminate microbial resistance.
● Microbiome-specific technology can eradicate most types of ARGs or ARB in one shot.
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) in the environment pose serious threats to environmental security and public health. There is an urgent need for methods to specifically and effectively control environmental pollution or pathogen infection associated with ARGs and ARB. This review aims to provide an overview of methods abating the prevalence and spread of ARGs and ARB from species to community level. At the species level, species-specific technologies, such as nanoparticle-, photosensitizer-, CRISPR-Cas-, and phage-related technology can be utilized to clear a particular class of ARGs or ARB, and in combination with low-dose antibiotics, a higher removal efficiency can be achieved. Moreover, the combination of antibiotics can be used to reverse microbial resistance and treat recurrent antibiotic resistant pathogen infections. At the community level, community-specific strategies, such as biochar, hyperthermophilic compost, and fecal microbiota transplantation can eradicate most types of ARGs or ARB in one shot, reducing the probability of resistance development. Though some progress has been made to eliminate ARGs and ARB in disease treatment or decontamination scenarios, further research is still needed to elucidate their mechanisms of action and scopes of application, and efforts should be made to explore novel strategies to counter the prevalence of antibiotic resistance.
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Yan-Zi Wang, Hu Li, Qing-Lin Chen, Ting Pan, Yong-Guan Zhu, Dirk Springael, Jian-Qiang Su. Prevention and control strategies for antibiotic resistance: from species to community level. Soil Ecology Letters, 2024, 6(3): 230222.
Control and modify molecular structures at the nanoscale to achieve intelligent, targeted, and controlled delivery.
Neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, and cytotoxicity of nanomaterials are still unresolved.
Photosensitizer
Cause both plasma membrane and DNA damage of specific bacteria.
The specific wavelengths of light to excite many types of photosensitizers are needed.
CRISPR-Cas
Selectively remove AMR-encoding plasmids or ARGs.
Some microbes have evolved anti-CRISPR systems, which may aid HGT; side effects (e.g., target missing and gene toxicity) may occur.
Phage
Specifically lyse the host bacteria and does not affect non-host bacteria.
Co-evolution of bacteria and phages may happen; ARGs or toxin genes may be carried by phages; endotoxin exit.
Antibiotic combination
Reverse the selective advantage of ARB in competing with sensitive bacteria and may reduce the antibiotic resistance evolution rate.
The superposition between drugs is complex; the absorption and osmotic efficiency of different drugs in the body are not consistent.
Fecal microbiota transplantation
Modify community structure at ecological niches, without antibiotic usage.
The donor’s sample should be carefully examined, or superinfection may arise.
Community-specific
Biochar
Remove most ARGs by the sorption and electrostatic repulsion of some biochar.
Different kinds of biochar have different effects; some kinds may result in an undesired outcome; certain types of biochar are less efficient.
Hyperthermophilic composting
Remove ARGs effectively and cut down their half-lives as well.
The mineralization and humification mechanisms of organic matter, and the migration and transformation mechanisms of pollutants during the process of hyperthermophilic composting remain unclear.
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