Efficient dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol in an aqueous media with a mild pH using a Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub>NTs/Ti cathode

doi:10.1007/s11783-015-0794-x

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2015, Vol. 9

Issue (5) : 919-928 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-015-0794-x

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Efficient dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol in an aqueous media with a mild pH using a Pd/TiO₂NTs/Ti cathode

Jiangkun DU,Jianguo BAO(

),Wei HU

School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China

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Abstract

In this study, palladium-loaded titania nanotubes was fabricated on a titanium plate (Pd/TiO₂NTs/Ti) for efficient electrodechlorination of 2,4-chlorophenol with a mild pH condition. The nature of Pd/TiO₂NTs/Ti electrodes was characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques. The characterization results indicated the generation of Pd⁰ nanoparticles which were evenly dispersed on titania nanotubes arrays on the Pd/TiO₂NTs/Ti surface. An effective degradation efficiency of up to 91% was achieved within 60 min at cathode potential of −0.7 V (vs. SCE) and initial pH of 5.5. The effects of the applied cathode potential and initial pH on the degradation efficiency were studied. A near neutral condition was more favorable since very low and very high pHs were not conducive to the dechlorination process. Furthermore, the intermediates analysis showed that the Pd/TiO₂NTs/Ti electrode could completely remove chlorine from 2, 4-dichlorophenol since only phenol was detected as the byproduct and the concentration of released chlorine ions indicated near-complete dechlorination. This work presents a good alternative technique for eliminating persistent chlorophenols in polluted wastewater without maintaining strong acidic environment.

Keywords Pd/TiO₂NTs/Ti cathode chlorophenols electrocatalytic dechlorination wastewater treatment

Corresponding Author(s): Jianguo BAO

Online First Date: 09 June 2015 Issue Date: 08 October 2015

Cite this article:

Jiangkun DU,Jianguo BAO,Wei HU. Efficient dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol in an aqueous media with a mild pH using a Pd/TiO₂NTs/Ti cathode[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2015, 9(5): 919-928.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-015-0794-x
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2015/V9/I5/919

Fig.1 Side view showing the cross-sectional FESEM images of: (a) TiO₂NTs/Ti (the inset is the top-view amplification of pores of TiO₂NTs/Ti); and (b) Pd/TiO₂NTs/Ti

Fig.2 Characterization of the TiO₂NTs/Ti and Pd/TiO₂NTs/Ti electrode: (a) XRD pattern; and (b) XPS spectra

Fig.3 CV plots of Pd/TiO₂NTs/Ti electrode with varied scan cycles. (experimental condition: scan rate: 100 mV·s⁻¹; electrolyte: 50 mmol·L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ and 20 mg·L⁻¹ 2,4-DCP; pH 5.5)

Fig.4 Removal of 2,4-DCP with Pd/TiO₂NTs/Ti or Ti/TiO₂NTs cathode. (Electrolyte: 50 mmol·L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ and 20 mg·L⁻¹ 2,4-DCP; pH 5.5; cathode potential: −0.7 V)

Fig.5 (a) 2,4-DCP dechlorination at different cathode potentials; and (b) relationship between pseudo-first-order kinetics and cathode potential. (Electrolyte: 50 mmol·L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ and 20 mg·L⁻¹ 2,4-DCP; pH 5.5)

Fig.6 Effect of pH on 2,4-DCP degradation in the Pd/TiO₂TNTi electrolysis system. (Electrolyte: 50 mmol·L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ and 20 mg·L⁻¹ 2,4-DCP; cathode potential: −0.7 V)

Fig.7 Dechlorination test in the cathodic compartment of a divided electro-system connected by a salt bridge (a) byproducts of 2,4-DCP; (b) generation of chlorine ions. (Electrolyte: 50 mmol·L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ and 20 mg·L⁻¹ 2,4-DCP; applied cathode potential: −5.0 V; initial pH: 5.5)

Fig.8 Proposed dechlorination mechanism and pathway of 2,4-DCP on the Pd/TiO₂NTs/Ti cathode surface

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