Composition, dispersion, and health risks of bioaerosols in wastewater treatment plants: A review

doi:10.1007/s11783-020-1330-1

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2021, Vol. 15

Issue (3) : 38 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-020-1330-1

REVIEW ARTICLE

Composition, dispersion, and health risks of bioaerosols in wastewater treatment plants: A review

Yunping Han^1,², Lin Li^1,²(

), Ying Wang^1,², Jiawei Ma^1,², Pengyu Li^1,², Chao Han³, Junxin Liu^1,⁴

¹. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
². National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
³. Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
⁴. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

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Abstract

• Bioaerosols are produced in the process of wastewater biological treatment.

• The concentration of bioaerosol indoor is higher than outdoor.

• Bioaerosols contain large amounts of potentially pathogenic biomass and chemicals.

• Inhalation is the main route of exposure of bioaerosol.

• Both the workers and the surrounding residents will be affected by the bioaerosol.

Bioaerosols are defined as airborne particles (0.05–100 mm in size) of biological origin. They are considered potentially harmful to human health as they can contain pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This review summarizes the most recent research on the health risks of bioaerosols emitted from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in order to improve the control of such bioaerosols. The concentration and size distribution of WWTP bioaerosols; their major emission sources, composition, and health risks; and considerations for future research are discussed. The major themes and findings in the literature are as follows: the major emission sources of WWTP bioaerosols include screen rooms, sludge-dewatering rooms, and aeration tanks; the bioaerosol concentrations in screen and sludge-dewatering rooms are higher than those outdoors. WWTP bioaerosols contain a variety of potentially pathogenic bacteria, fungi, antibiotic resistance genes, viruses, endotoxins, and toxic metal(loid)s. These potentially pathogenic substances spread with the bioaerosols, thereby posing health risks to workers and residents in and around the WWTP. Inhalation has been identified as the main exposure route, and children are at a higher risk of this than adults. Future studies should identify emerging contaminants, establish health risk assessments, and develop prevention and control systems.

Keywords Wastewater treatment plant Bioaerosols Pathogen Dispersion Risk assessment

Corresponding Author(s): Lin Li

Issue Date: 23 October 2020

Cite this article:

Yunping Han,Lin Li,Ying Wang, et al. Composition, dispersion, and health risks of bioaerosols in wastewater treatment plants: A review[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2021, 15(3): 38.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-020-1330-1
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2021/V15/I3/38

Fig.1 Bioaerosol concentration at different operation sections of wastewater treatment plants (Data Sources: Fernando and Fedorak, 2005; Sánchez-Monedero et al., 2008; Niazi et al., 2015; Silini et al., 2016; Szyłak-szydłowski et al., 2016; Xu et al., 2018; Han et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2019a).

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of main components of bioaerosol in wastewater treatment plant.

Number	Phylum	Genus	Species	Sampling sites	Wastewater property	Treatment technology	Country or region	References
1	Firmicute	Bacillus	/	Grille	Municipal wastewater	A/O	Beijing, China	Liu et al. (2013)
	Proteobacteria	Escherichia	Escherichia coli
	Proteobacteria	Pseudomonas	/
	Firmicute	Staphylococcus	/
	Firmicute	Brevibacterium	/
	Firmicute	Bacillus	/	Aeration tank
	Firmicute	Staphylococcus	/
	Actinobacteria	Corynebacterium	/
	Proteobacteria	Pseudomonas	/	Sludge treatment
	Proteobacteria	Escherichia	Escherichia coli
	Firmicute	Bacillus	/
2	Firmicute	Bacillus	/	Oxidation ditch	Municipal wastewater	Oxidation ditch	Beijing, China	Yang et al. (2019b)
	Firmicute	Lysinibacillus	/
	Proteobacteria	Sphingomonas	/
3	Firmicute	Bicillus	/	Upwind direction, Mechanical treatment, Biological treatment, Downwind direction	Municipal wastewater	A²O	Beijing, China	Han et al. (2019)
	Actinobacteria	Arthrobacter	/
	Firmicute	Micrococcus	/
4	Acidobacteria	Geothrix	/	Upwind direction	Municipal wastewater	Oxidation ditch	Hefei, China	Yang et al. (2019d)
	Actinobacteria	Microthrix	/	Fine grid, Downwind direction
	Cyanobacteria	Cyanobacteria	/	Aeration unit
	Bacteroidetes	Saprospiraceae	/	Sludge dewatering room
5	Proteobacteria	Mitochondria	/	Sludge dewatering room	Municipal wastewater	Activated sludge	Guangzhou, China	Han et al. (2018)
	Firmicute	Peptostreptoco- Ccaceae	/
	Proteobacteria	Sphingomonas	/
6	Firmicute	Staphylococcus	/	Mechanical treatment, Aeration tank, Clarifier, Sludge treatment	Municipal wastewater, Coking wastewater, Food processing wastewater,	Activated sludge	Poland	Kowalski et al. (2017)
6	Firmicute	Bacillus	/			Activated sludge	Poland	Kowalski et al. (2017)
7	Actinobacteria	Corynebacterium	/	Mechanical treatment, Biological treatment, Sludge treatment	Municipal wastewater	Activated sludge	Eastern Poland	Prazmo et al. (2003)
	Actinobacteria	Arthrobacter	/
	Firmicute	Brevibacterium	/
		Staphylococcus	/
		Micrococcus	/
		Bacillus	/
8	Firmicute	Bacillus	/	Mechanical treatment, Biological treatment, office	Municipal wastewater	/	India	Gangamma et al. (2011)

Tab.1 Predominant bacteria in bioaerosols from WWTPs

Tab.2 Predominant fungi in bioaerosols in WWTPs

Tab.3 Transport of bioaerosols

Tab.4 Variation of bioaerosols concentrations along horizontal distance from the sources

Tab.5 Variation of bioaerosol concentrations along vertical distance from the wastewater surface

Fig.3 Hazard quotient (HQ) of bioaerosols for adult male, female, and children within and/or around WWTPs: Inhalation (a) and skin (b) exposure route (Data Sources: Niazi et al., 2015; Ding et al., 2016; Yang et al., 2019a; Yang et al., 2019b).

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