Fate and risk assessment of emerging contaminants in reclaimed water production processes

doi:10.1007/s11783-021-1392-8

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2021, Vol. 15

Issue (5) : 104 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-021-1392-8

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Fate and risk assessment of emerging contaminants in reclaimed water production processes

Yuan Meng¹, Weiyi Liu¹, Heidelore Fiedler², Jinlan Zhang¹, Xinrui Wei¹, Xiaohui Liu³, Meng Peng⁴, Tingting Zhang¹(

)

¹. Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Research Centre for Resource and Environment, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
². MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Orebro University, Orebro, SE-701 82, Sweden
³. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Research Centre of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
⁴. School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

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Abstract

• PPCPs had the highest removal efficiency in A²O combined with MBR process (86.8%).

• ARGs and OPFRs were challenging to remove (6.50% and 31.0%, respectively).

• Octocrylene and tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate posed high risks to aquatic organisms.

• Meta-analysis was used to compare the ECs removal in wastewater treatment.

• Membrane treatment technology is the most promising treatment for ECs removal.

Reclaimed water has been widely applied in irrigation and industrial production. Revealing the behavior of emerging contaminants in the production process of reclaimed water is the first prerequisite for developing relevant water quality standards. This study investigated 43 emerging contaminants, including 22 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), 11 organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), and 10 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in 3 reclaimed wastewater treatment plants (RWTPs) in Beijing. The composition profiles and removal efficiencies of these contaminants in RWTPs were determined. The results indicated that the distribution characteristics of the different types of contaminants in the three RWTPs were similar. Caffeine, sul2 and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate were the dominant substances in the wastewater, and their highest concentrations were 27104 ng/L, 1.4 × 10⁷ copies/mL and 262 ng/L, respectively. Ofloxacin and sul2 were observed to be the dominant substances in the sludge, and their highest concentrations were 5419 ng/g and 3.7 × 10⁸ copies/g, respectively. Anaerobic/anoxic/oxic system combined with the membrane bioreactor process achieved a relatively high aqueous removal of PPCPs (87%). ARGs and OPFRs were challenging to remove, with average removal rates of 6.5% and 31%, respectively. Quantitative meta-analysis indicated that tertiary treatment processes performed better in emerging contaminant removal than secondary processes. Diethyltoluamide exhibited the highest mass load discharge, with 33.5 mg/d per 1000 inhabitants. Octocrylene and tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate posed high risks (risk quotient>1.0) to aquatic organisms. This study provides essential evidence to screen high priority pollutants and develop corresponding standard in RWTPs.

Keywords Trace organic pollution Antibiotic resistance genes Reclaimed wastewater Sludge Risk assessment Mass load

Corresponding Author(s): Tingting Zhang

Issue Date: 22 January 2021

Cite this article:

Yuan Meng,Weiyi Liu,Heidelore Fiedler, et al. Fate and risk assessment of emerging contaminants in reclaimed water production processes[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2021, 15(5): 104.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-021-1392-8
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2021/V15/I5/104

Fig.1 Reclaimed wastewater treatment plant processes and sampling site.

Fig.2 The concentration distribution pattern of PPCPs in (a)different processes; (b) influent and suspended particles and (c) wastewater and sludge of A²O process.

Fig.3 The absolute abundance and relative abundance of ARGs in the three RWTPs: (a) sul1, (b) sul2, (c) tetA, (d) tetB, (e) tetC, (f) tetW, (g) tetM, (h) qnrS, (i) ermB, (j) int1 and (k)16S rRNA; (l) absolute abundance of ARGs in the wastewater and sludge.

Fig.4 OPFRs distribution in (a) different wastewater treatment processes and (b) sludge.

Fig.5 Aqueous removal efficiencies of the target emerging contaminants in (a)three RWTPs and different treatment processes for (b) PPCPs, (c) ARGs and (d) OPFRs. The small open square in each column indicates mean value. The top and bottom of the box indicate the third quartile and the first quartile, respectively. The horizontal lines within the columns indicate the median value, and the top and bottom of the bar represent the maximum and minimum values.

Fig.6 Removal efficiency forest plots for the studied emerging contaminants, including heterogeneity (I²), risk ratio (RR), confidence interval (CI) (95%), *this study.

Fig.7 Discharged daily mass loads evaluated for PPCPs and OPFRs.

Fig.8 Risk quotient (RQ) values for (a)PPCPs and (b)OPFRs in the influent and effluent of the three RWTPs.

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