High-solid anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge: achievements and perspectives

doi:10.1007/s11783-020-1364-4

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2021, Vol. 15

Issue (4) : 71 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-020-1364-4

FEATURE ARTICLE

High-solid anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge: achievements and perspectives

Ying Xu¹, Hui Gong¹, Xiaohu Dai^1,²(

)

¹. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
². Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China

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Abstract

• High-solid anaerobic digestion (HS-AD) of sewage sludge (SS) is overviewed.

• Factors affecting process stability and performance in HS-AD of SS are revealed.

• HS effect and knowledge gaps of current research on the HS-AD of SS are identified.

• Future efforts on addressing knowledge gaps and improving HS-AD of SS are proposed.

High-solid anaerobic digestion (HS-AD) has been applied extensively during the last few decades for treating various organic wastes, such as agricultural wastes, organic fractions of municipal solid wastes, and kitchen wastes. However, the application of HS-AD to the processing of sewage sludge (SS) remains limited, which is largely attributable to its poor process stability and performance. Extensive research has been conducted to attempt to surmount these limitations. In this review, the main factors affecting process stability and performance in the HS-AD of SS are comprehensively reviewed, and the improved methods in current use, such as HS sludge pre-treatment and anaerobic co-digestion with other organic wastes, are summarised. Besides, this paper also discusses the characteristics of substance transformation in the HS-AD of SS with and without thermal pre-treatment. Research has shown that the HS effect is due to the presence of high concentrations of substances that may inhibit the function of anaerobic microorganisms, and that it also results in poor mass transfer, a low diffusion coefficient, and high viscosity. Finally, knowledge gaps in the current research on HS-AD of SS are identified. Based on these, it proposes that future efforts should be devoted to standardising the definition of HS sludge, revealing the law of migration and transformation of pollutants, describing the metabolic pathways by which specific substances are degraded, and establishing accurate mathematical models. Moreover, developing green sludge dewatering agents, obtaining high value-added products, and revealing effects of the above two on HS-AD of SS can also be considered in future.

Keywords High-solid effect Anaerobic fermentation Methane production Biodegradability Sludge treatment

Corresponding Author(s): Xiaohu Dai

Issue Date: 13 November 2020

Cite this article:

Ying Xu,Hui Gong,Xiaohu Dai. High-solid anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge: achievements and perspectives[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2021, 15(4): 71.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-020-1364-4
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2021/V15/I4/71

Fig.1 ScienceDirect bibliometric study with the topics “high-solid anaerobic digestion (HS-AD) of sewage sludge (SS)” and “high-solid anaerobic digestion (HS-AD)” (June 2020).

Factor	Stability Description	Microbial Activity	Biogas/Methane Production	VS Reduction	References
Solid concentration	The stability decreases with an increase of TS content from 6% to 15%	Methanogenic activity decreases from 100% to 50% with an increase of TS content from 4% to 10%	Decrease with an increase of TS content from 4.47% to 15.67%	Degradation of VS is prolonged	^{Lay et al., 1997}; ^{Le Hyaric et al., 2011}; ^{Liao et al., 2014}; ^{Zhang et al., 2015}; ^{Zhang et al., 2016}
Agitation	The stability increases by improving agitation	–	Increase by improving agitation	Increase by improving agitation	^{Duan et al., 2012}; ^{Liao and Li, 2015}
SRT	The stability decreases with a decrease of SRT from 15 days to 10 days	–	Increase in biogas-production rate with a decrease of SRT from 35 days to 12 days	Increase with an increase of SRT	^{Kapp, 1984}; ^{Nges and Liu, 2010}; ^{Young et al., 2013}; ^{Jahn et al., 2016}
Temperature	The stability decreases with the temperature shift from mesophilic to thermophilic	The mesophilic HS-AD has a richer and more diverse active microbial community than the thermophilic process	The thermophilic HS-AD shows better biogas production than mesophilic process	Increase with an increase of temperature	^{Hidaka et al., 2013}; ^{Wang et al., 2014}; ^{Jahn et al., 2016}; ^{Wu et al., 2020}
pH	The process may fail at a pH<6.1 or>8.3	Methanogenic activity decreases at a pH<6.3 or>7.8	–	–	^{Lay et al., 1997}; ^{Bitton, 2002}; ^{Gerardi, 2003}; ^{Xu et al., 2020a}
Ammonia/Ammonium stress	The process may fail at FAN concentration>600 mg/L and TAN concentration>4000 mg/L	Methanogenic activity sharply decreases with an increase of TAN concentration from 4090 mg/L to 5550 mg/L	Decrease with an increase of TAN concentration	–	^{Kayhanian, 1994}; ^{Lay et al., 1997}; ^{Duan et al., 2012}; ^{Li et al., 2015b}; ^{Li et al., 2017b}
VFAs	The process may fail at VFA concentration>4500 mg/L	Methanogenic activity decreases with the accumulation of VFAs	Decrease with the accumulation of VFAs	–	^{Boe and Angelidaki, 2012}; ^{Duan et al., 2012}; ^{Zhang et al., 2014}; ^{Wang et al., 2018}; ^{Yin and Wu, 2019}; ^{Zhou et al., 2020}
Toxic and harmful substances	The stability decreases with the increase of concentration	Decrease with an increase in concentration of antibiotic residues and PAM	Increase at 100 mg/L of antibiotic residues; Decrease at 500 mg/L of antibiotic residues; Decrease with the presence of PAM	–	^{Boráň et al., 2010}; ^{Luo et al., 2011}; ^{Qi et al., 2011}; ^{Dai et al., 2014b}; ^{Dai et al., 2015}; ^{Litti et al., 2019}; ^{Zhi and Zhang, 2019}
Rheological properties	The stability decreases with an increase in the viscosity or an decrease in the diffusion coefficient	–	Decrease with high viscosity or low diffusion coefficient	–	^{Kirby, 1988}; ^{Slatter, 1997}; ^{Cheng and Li, 2015}; ^{Sajjadi et al., 2016}; ^{Zhang et al., 2016}; ^{Hu et al., 2018}

Tab.1 The main factors affecting the HS-AD performance of SS

Fig.2 Hit numbers of genes involved in the relevant methanogenesis pathways in HS-AD process of SS without and with ammonium stress (Reprinted from Li et al., 2017a, Copyright (2017), with permission from Elsevier).

Fig.3 The diagram of the substance transformation ratios in the mesophilic/thermophilic HS-AD process of SS with and without thermal pre-treatment: (a) the diagram of the transformation ratios of COD, protein and carbohydrate; (b) the diagram of the transformation ratios of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur (Reprinted from Han et al., 2017, Copyright (2017), with permission from Elsevier).

Fig.4 Diagram of the conversion pathway of sulphur substances during the HS-AD process of SS with thermal pre-treatment ((Reprinted from Dai et al., 2017, Copyright (2017); Li et al., 2020, Copyright (2020) with permission from Elsevier).

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