The source and transport of bioaerosols in the air: A review

doi:10.1007/s11783-020-1336-8

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2021, Vol. 15

Issue (3) : 44 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-020-1336-8

REVIEW ARTICLE

The source and transport of bioaerosols in the air: A review

Wenwen Xie¹, Yanpeng Li^1,³(

), Wenyan Bai¹, Junli Hou¹, Tianfeng Ma¹, Xuelin Zeng¹, Liyuan Zhang^1,³, Taicheng An²

¹. School of Water and Environment, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, China
². Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environment Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
³. Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region (Ministry of Education), Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, China

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Abstract

• Emission of microbe from local environments is a main source of bioaerosols.

• Regional transport is another important source of the bioaerosols.

• There are many factors affecting the diffusion and transport of bioaerosols.

• Source identification method uncovers the contribution of sources of bioaerosols.

Recent pandemic outbreak of the corona-virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has raised widespread concerns about the importance of the bioaerosols. They are atmospheric aerosol particles of biological origins, mainly including bacteria, fungi, viruses, pollen, and cell debris. Bioaerosols can exert a substantial impact on ecosystems, climate change, air quality, and public health. Here, we review several relevant topics on bioaerosols, including sampling and detection techniques, characterization, effects on health and air quality, and control methods. However, very few studies have focused on the source apportionment and transport of bioaerosols. The knowledge of the sources and transport pathways of bioaerosols is essential for a comprehensive understanding of the role microorganisms play in the atmosphere and control the spread of epidemic diseases associated with them. Therefore, this review comprehensively summarizes the up to date progress on the source characteristics, source identification, and diffusion and transport process of bioaerosols. We intercompare three types of diffusion and transport models, with a special emphasis on a widely used mathematical model. This review also highlights the main factors affecting the source emission and transport process, such as biogeographic regions, land-use types, and environmental factors. Finally, this review outlines future perspectives on bioaerosols.

Keywords Bioaerosols Diffusion Source identification Biogeography

Corresponding Author(s): Yanpeng Li

Issue Date: 15 December 2020

Cite this article:

Wenwen Xie,Yanpeng Li,Wenyan Bai, et al. The source and transport of bioaerosols in the air: A review[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2021, 15(3): 44.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-020-1336-8
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2021/V15/I3/44

Fig.1 Number of published articles on bioaerosols (The data from Web of Science).

Fig.2 Sources and transport of bioaerosols in nature. Adapted from Smets et al. (2016) and Fröhlich-Nowoisky et al. (2016).

Fig.3 The different transport routes of bioaerosols emitted by humans. Small water droplets (<5 mm) are responsible for short-range airborne route, long-range airborne route, and indirect contact routes. Adapted from Wei and Li (2016).

Sampling Site	Basic Information	Enumeration Technique	Bacteria			Fungi			Reference
Sampling Site	Basic Information	Enumeration Technique	Conc.	Dominant Genera	Pathogenic Microorganism	Conc.	Dominant Genera	Pathogenic Microorganism	Reference
Poultry Farms	Chicken number: 6000 (China)	Biochemical Identification	–	Brachybacterium, Brevibacterium, Salinicoccus, Staphylococcus, Faecalibacterium	Enterococcus, Parabacteroides, Escherichia, Megamonas	–	Microascus, Aspergillus, Paraglomus	Scopulariopsis, Wallemia, Fusarium	Dai et al., 202026
Poultry Farms	Bird number: 8000–42000 (Poland)	Cultivation Microscopy	(3.2±5.0)×10⁹ (CFU/g)	Bacillus, Clostridia, Corynebacterium, Enterobacter,	Chlamydia ornithosis, Bacillus anthracis, Mycoplasma spp., Staphylococcus aureus	(1.2±1.1)×10⁶ (CFU/g)	Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria	Paecilomyces variotii A. fumigatus	Skora et al., 201692
Swine Houses	Swine number: 140–480 (Republic of Korea)	Biochemical Identification	–	–	–	–	Clavaria, Fusarium, Rhodotorula, Mortierella,	Fusarium (10.8%)	Kumari et al., 201659
Cattle Feed Yards via	Cattle number: 20000–50000 (USA)	Biochemical Identification	–	Corynebacterium, Leptospira, Clostridium, Bacteroides, Staphylococcus	Corynebacterium (present in 90% of all samples)	–	–	–	McEachran et al., 201573
Waste Sorting Plants	Garbage type: paper Weight: 4000 tons per month (France)	Biochemical Identification	–	unclassified Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter	–	–	Penicillium, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Wallemia	–	Degois et al., 201727
Landfill Area	Total area of 37 ha Since 1974 (Poland)	Cultivation Microscopy				112–16445 (CFU/m³)	Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Penicillium	–	Fraczek et al., 201735
Landfill Area	The largest open dumpsite in the Philippines Since: 2000	Cultivation Microscopy and Biochemical Identification	7.87×10²–5.57×10³ (CFU/m³)	Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter	B. Subtilis, S. Aureus, K.Pneumoniae	–	–	–	Pagalilauan et al., 201882
Wastewater Treatment Plant	Type: anaerobic–anoxic–oxic (A²/O) Number: 6.0×10⁵ m³/day (China)	Cultivation Microscopy and Biochemical Identification	459–4364 (CFU/m³)	Brevundimonas, Bacillus, Thauera, Zooglea, Dechloromonas	–	–	–	–	Xu et al., 2018117
Wastewater Treatment Plant	Type: activated sludge (Poland)	Cultivation Microscopy	5.1×10¹ –6.9×10³ (CFU/m³)	Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Microbacterium	Staphylococcus gallinarum, Staphylococcus xylosus, Bacillus firmus, Pseudomonas stutzeri	6.3×10² –3.9×10³ (CFU/m³)	Cladosporidies, Rhodotorula, Penicillium	C.herbarum Fusarium graminearum	Kowalski et al., 201758

Tab.1 Characteristics of bioaerosols released from various artificial sources

Tab.2 Advantages and limitations of different types of diffusion and transport models

Region	Geographical conditions	Climate type	Sampling	Bacteria		Fungi		Reference
Region	Geographical conditions	Climate type	Sampling	Phyla	Dominant genera	Phyla	Dominant genera	Reference
Urumqi, China	An important central city in north-west China	Temperate continental climate	PM₁₀	Proteobacteria (74.1) Firmicutes (15.3) Actinobacteria (6.2)	Pseudomonas Delftia Serratia Acinetobacter	–	–	Gou et al., 201642
Changsha, China	A city in the middle reaches of the Yangtze river in China	Subtropical monsoon climate	PM_2.5	Proteobacteria (95.6) Firmicutes (3.4)	Acinetobacter Massillia Xanthomonadaceae	Ascomycota (44.6) Basidiomycota (54.9)	Polyporales Aspergillus Schizophyllum	Runlan et al., 201988
Mount Tai, China	The highest mountain in the North China Plain	Monsoon climate of medium latitudes (Significant vertical variation)	PM_2.5	Proteobacteria (60.6) Firmicutes (3.0) Actinobacteria (15.3) Cyanobacteria (9.8)	Methylobacterium Rhodococcus Pseudomonas Acinetobacter	Ascomycota (84.2) Basidiomycota (3.8)	Alternaria Davidiella Epicoccum Cryptococcus	Xu et al., 2019115
Beijing, China	The capital of China, located in the north of the North China Plain	Monsoon climate of medium latitudes	PM_2.5	Proteobacteria (33) Actinobacteria (28.1) Firmicutes (19.30) Bacteroidetes (8.14)	Streptophyta, Kocuria, Paracoccus, Sphingomonas, Rubellimicrobium	Ascomycota (95.37) Basidiomycota (1.51) Zygomycota (0.13)	Epicoccum Penicillium Selenophoma Mycosphaerella Cladosporium	Du et al., 201830
Denver, USA	The largest urban city in the Colorado Front Range	Highland climate	PM₁₀&PM_2.5	Actinobacteria (22) Bacteroidetes (9.7) Firmicutes (28.2) Proteobacteria (34.6)	–	Ascomycota (78) Basidiomycota (21)	–	Bowers et al., 201313
Thessaloniki, Greece	The largest port and second city in northern Greece	Mediterranean climate	Bioaerosol	Proteobacteria (56.0) Firmicutes (20.0) Actinobacteria (20.0)	Pseudomonas Herbaspirillum Bacillus			Genitsaris et al., 201739
Madrid, Spain	The capital and largest metropolis of Spain	Temperate continental climate with Mediterranean climate characteristics	Bioaerosol	Proteobacteria Firmicutes Actinobacteria	Kocuria Arthrobacter Sphingomonas Pantoea	Ascomycota Basidiomycota Chytridiomycota	Davidiella Cladosporium Alternaria Aureobasidlum	Núñez et al., 201980
Gwangju Metropolitan City, Republic of Korea	Located in the south-west of Republic of Korea	West coast type climate	PM_2.5	–	–	Ascomycota Basidiomycota	Phaeosphaeria Pyrenophora Botryotinia	Abd Aziz et al., 20181
The North-western Pacific Ocean, China	The Bohai Sea; The Yellow Sea; The north-western Pacific Ocean (a ship cruise)	Monsoon climate of medium latitudes	Bioaerosol	Bacteroidetes (26.99) Firmicutes (26.72) Proteobacteria (21.8)	Bacteroides (9.56) Prevotella (5.42) Megamonas (3.22)			Ma et al., 201968
Toyama Prefecture, Japan	Surrounded by steep mountains on three sides and spreading fields	Oceanic climate (snow coverage throughout the year in top)	Bioaerosol	Proteobacteria (49.1) Actinobacteria (26.3) Firmicutes (14.0)	–	Basidiomycota (41.7) Ascomycota (30.9) Streptophyta (14.9)	Alternaria Epicoccum Curvularia Cladosporium	Tanaka et al., 201997

Tab.3 The airborne microbial communities in different regions worldwide

Fig.4 Bioaerosol characteristics of different land-use types. (a) “A” Bacterial abundance of varying land-use types, “B” the total number of ice nuclei. (b) The dominant bacterial phyla in samples of different land-use types. Adapted from Bowers et al. (2011a).

Fig.5 Analysis of heatmap of dominant bacteria genera in Xi’an, China, based on Spearman rank correlation (**p<0.01; *p<0.05).

Fig.6 Effects of environmental factors on bioaerosols. (a) Relative effects of environmental conditions on opportunistic pathogens in particulate matter (Reprint from Fan et al. (2019) with permission of Elsevier); (b) Effect of environmental conditions on the richness and diversity of airborne fungus (Reprint from Qi et al. (2020) with permission of Elsevier).

Tab.4 Advantages and limitations of various source identification methods

Tab.5 Distribution of bacterial sources in different regions worldwide

Fig.7 The sources of bacteria and fungi in Xi’an, China. (a) The contribution of different sources to the airborne bacterial loading; (b) The contribution of various sources to airborne fungi.

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