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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

ISSN 2095-2201

ISSN 2095-221X(Online)

CN 10-1013/X

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2016, Vol. 10 Issue (2) : 399-411    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-015-0819-5
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Leaching toxicity characteristics of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash
Khamphe PHOUNGTHONG1,Yi XIA1,Hua ZHANG1,*(),Liming SHAO2,3,Pinjing HE2,3
1. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
2. Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
3. Centre for the Technology Research and Training on Household Waste in Small Towns & Rural Area, Ministry of Housing and Urban–Rural Development of PR China (MOHURD), Shanghai 200092, China
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Abstract

The continuously increasing production of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (MSWIBA) has promoted its utilization as construction material and raised environmental concern. The physico-chemical properties and leaching behavior of MSWIBA were studied, and ecotoxicological testing using a luminescent bacterium bioassay was performed to assess the ecological pollution risks associated with its leached constituents. The MSWIBA was leached by two types of leachants, H2SO4/HNO3 and HAc solution, at different liquid to solid ratios and contact times. The concentrations of heavy metals and anions in the leachates were analyzed. Multivariate statistical analyses, including principle component analysis, Pearson's correlation analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis, were used to evaluate the contributions of the constituents to the toxicity (EC50) of the MSWIBA leachate. The statistical analyses of the ecotoxicological results showed that the Ba, Cr, Cu, Pb, F− and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations were closely correlated with the EC50 value, and these substances were the main contributors to the ecotoxicity of the MSWIBA leachate. In addition, the cluster of these variables indicated similar leaching behaviors. Overall, the research demonstrated that the ecotoxicological risks resulting from MSWIBA leaching could be assessed before its utilization, which provides crucial information for the adaptation of MSWIBA as alternative materials.
Keywords Municipal solid waste incineration      bottom ash      alternative material      leaching tests      toxicity      Vibrio qinghaiensis (Q67)     
Corresponding Author(s): Hua ZHANG   
Online First Date: 09 October 2015    Issue Date: 01 February 2016
 Cite this article:   
Khamphe PHOUNGTHONG,Yi XIA,Hua ZHANG, et al. Leaching toxicity characteristics of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2016, 10(2): 399-411.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-015-0819-5
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2016/V10/I2/399
Fig.1  Particle size distribution of the MSWIBA samples
properties MSWIBA1 MSWIBA2
loss on ignition (wt.%, at 600°C) 3.31 1.14
density (g·cm−3) 2.12 1.83
chemical composition (wt.%) analyzed by XRF
SiO2 43.10 40.09
Al2O3 5.69 7.48
Fe2O3 8.23 8.67
CaO 24.74 27.38
MgO 2.83 2.99
K2O 1.61 1.52
TiO2 0.77 1.00
SO3 2.59 1.68
Cr2O3 0.12 0.07
Cl 1.04 0.78
P2O5 5.01 3.38
Na2O 4.27 4.96
elemental content (mg·kg−1) analyzed by ICP-OES
As 57.1 85.4
B ND ND
Ba 1240 2090
Be 1.78 2.68
Bi ND ND
Cd 4.91 7.52
Co ND 12.4
Cr 330 676
Cu 1670 1710
Mn 705 1080
Ni 131 2107
Pb 482 609
Se 1.60 3.13
Sr 219 366
V 44.7 54.0
Zn 2100 2370
Tab.1  Physical and chemical characteristics of the MSWIBA samples
Fig.2  XRD patterns of the MSWIBA samples
Fig.3  Leaching concentrations of heavy metals as a function of L/S ratios. (a) Ba, (b) Cd, (c) Cr, (d) Cu, (e) Pb and (f) Zn
Fig.4  Leaching concentrations of heavy metals as a function of contact times. (a) Ba, (b) Cd, (c) Cr, (d) Cu, (e) Pb and (f) Zn
Fig.5  EC50 of the MSWIBA leachates as a function of (a) L/S ratio and (b) contact time
Fig.6  PCA and HCA results. (a) PCA score scatter plot (bi-plot) with inter-relationships between the MSWIBA samples and the constituents. (b) HCA analysis represented by dendrograms of the constituents in the MSWIBA leachate samples.
As Ba Cd Cr Cu Fe Ni Pb Se Zn F− Cl− NO 2 − NO 3 − SO 4 2 − TOC EC50
As 0.046 0.515** −0.240 −0.270 0.625** 0.809** −0.303 0.662** 0.286 −0.538** 0.636** −0.681** 0.625** 0.631** −0.111 0.023
Ba 0.372* 0.887** 0.805** 0.278 0.088 0.614** 0.218 0.283 0.741** 0.444* 0.139 −0.417* −0.345 0.821** −0.847**
Cd 0.105 0.093 0.741** 0.634** 0.418* 0.712** 0.104 −0.076 0.598** −0.299 0.412* 0.432* 0.374* −0.334
Cr 0.906** −0.063 −0.220 0.612** −0.015 0.209 0.899** 0.120 0.288 −0.678** −0.645** 0.795** −0.811**
Cu −0.062 −0.175 0.573** −0.010 0.207 0.868** 0.113 0.352* −0.584** −0.534** 0.779** −0.833**
Fe 0.726** 0.207 0.818** 0.031 −0.299 0.547** −0.334 0.493** 0.570** 0.243 −0.204
Ni −0.078 0.709** 0.212 −0.465** 0.737** −0.644** 0.646** 0.708** 0.040 −0.109
Pb 0.156 0.107 0.607** 0.049 0.241 −0.402* −0.360* 0.836** −0.601**
Se 0.064 −0.286 0.452** −0.426* 0.477** 0.498** 0.211 −0.214
Zn 0.038 0.365* −0.477** 0.071 0.025 0.315 −0.128
F− −0.133 0.583** −0.727** −0.692** 0.687** −0.750**
Cl− −0.559** 0.294 0.379* 0.292 −0.284
NO 2 − −0.454** −0.426* 0.071 −0.229
NO 3 − 0.940** −0.434* 0.345
SO 4 2 − −0.375* 0.253
TOC −0.823**
EC50
Tab.2  Pearson correlation coefficients between the constituents and EC50 (n = 32)
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