Toxic effect of sodium perfluorononyloxy-benzenesulfonate on <i>Pseudomonas stutzeri</i> in aerobic denitrification, cell structure and gene expression

doi:10.1007/s11783-021-1391-9

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2021, Vol. 15

Issue (5) : 100 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-021-1391-9

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Toxic effect of sodium perfluorononyloxy-benzenesulfonate on Pseudomonas stutzeri in aerobic denitrification, cell structure and gene expression

Yi Qian, Weichuan Qiao(

), Yunhao Zhang

Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China

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Abstract

• OBS inhibited the growth of P. stutzeri and destroyed its structure.

• OBS was toxic to the aerobic denitrification process of P. stutzeri.

• OBS induced the production of ROS in P. stutzeri.

• OBS affected the expression of key genes involved in denitrification and SOD.

The toxicities of sodium perfluorononyloxy-benzenesulfonate (OBS) to animals and plants are similar to those of perfluorooctane sulfonate. However, the mechanism of its toxicity to aerobic denitrifying bacteria is still unclear. In the present study, the ecotoxicity of OBS on an aerobic denitrifying strain, Pseudomonas stutzeri, was evaluated. The results showed that a dosage of OBS clearly affected the growth and aerobic denitrification of P. stutzeri. When compared with an unamended control, the degradation efficiency of the total nitrogen decreased by 30.13% during exposure to 200 mg/L of OBS, and the complete degradation time of nitrate-nitrogen was delayed by 4 h. The lactate dehydrogenase and superoxide dismutase produced by the bacteria increased with the concentration of OBS, and reactive oxygen species were also detected by confocal laser scanning microscope imaging. Transmission electron microscope imaging revealed chromosome deformation of the cells and damage to cell content; moreover, outer membrane vesicles were secreted from the bacteria, which was the important detoxification mechanism of P. stutzeri to OBS. Expression of the genes involved in aerobic nitrification and oxidative stress were also changed under OBS stress, which further confirmed the toxicity of OBS to P. stutzeri. This study reveals the environmental exposure risk of OBS from the perspective of microorganisms.

Keywords Sodium perfluorononyloxy-benzenesulfonate Aerobic denitrification Pseudomonas stutzeri Ecotoxicity ROS Persist organic pollutants Toxicity Denitrification Microbiology

Corresponding Author(s): Weichuan Qiao

Issue Date: 08 January 2021

Cite this article:

Yi Qian,Weichuan Qiao,Yunhao Zhang. Toxic effect of sodium perfluorononyloxy-benzenesulfonate on Pseudomonas stutzeri in aerobic denitrification, cell structure and gene expression[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2021, 15(5): 100.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-021-1391-9
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2021/V15/I5/100

Fig.1 Growth curve of P. stutzeri in the DM medium at different OBS concentrations.

Fig.2 TEM of the untreated cells (a–c) and the cells exposed to 1 mg/L (d–f) and 200 mg/L (g–i) of OBS. The red, black and blue arrows point to cavity destruction, chromosome deformation and vesicles, respectively.

Fig.3 Toxicity of OBS concentrations to the aerobic denitrification of P. stutzeri: (a) nitrate; (b) nitrite; (c) ammonia; (d) TN.

Fig.4 CLSM images of P. stutzeri exposed to OBS: (a) negative control; (b) exposure of 200 mg/L of OBS; (c) positive control.

Fig.5 Effects of different concentrations of OBS on key enzyme activity of P. stutzeri: (a) relative activities of SOD; (b) relative activities of LDH. All data were compared with the control (* p<0.05).

Fig.6 Aerobic denitrification pathway of P. stutzeri and the toxicity mechanisms of OBS to P. stutzeri.

Fig.7 Relative gene expression levels at 0.1 and 200 mg/L of OBS in P. stutzeri. All data were compared with the control (*p<0.05).

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