Research progress on distribution, sources, identification, toxicity, and biodegradation of microplastics in the ocean, freshwater, and soil environment

doi:10.1007/s11783-021-1429-z

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2022, Vol. 16

Issue (1) : 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-021-1429-z

REVIEW ARTICLE

Research progress on distribution, sources, identification, toxicity, and biodegradation of microplastics in the ocean, freshwater, and soil environment

Qinghui Sun¹, Juan Li², Chen Wang¹, Anqi Chen¹, Yanli You¹, Shupeng Yang³, Huihui Liu⁴, Guibin Jiang⁵, Yongning Wu⁶(

), Yanshen Li¹(

)

¹. College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
². Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London ON N6A5B9, Canada
³. Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, China
⁴. Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Laboratory of Restoration for Marine Ecology, Yantai 264006, China
⁵. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
⁶. NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100017, China

Download: PDF(413 KB) HTML
Export: BibTeX | EndNote | Reference Manager | ProCite | RefWorks

Abstract

• Microplastics are widely found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments.

• Cleaning products and discarded plastic waste are primary sources of microplastics.

• Microplastics have apparent toxic effects on the growth of fish and soil plants.

• Multiple strains of biodegradable microplastics have been isolated.

Microplastics (MPs) are distributed in the oceans, freshwater, and soil environment and have become major pollutants. MPs are generally referred to as plastic particles less than 5 mm in diameter. They consist of primary microplastics synthesized in microscopic size manufactured production and secondary microplastics generated by physical and environmental degradation. Plastic particles are long-lived pollutants that are highly resistant to environmental degradation. In this review, the distribution and possible sources of MPs in aquatic and terrestrial environments are described. Moreover, the adverse effects of MPs on natural creatures due to ingestion have been discussed. We also have summarized identification methods based on MPs particle size and chemical bond. To control the pollution of MPs, the biodegradation of MPs under the action of different microbes has also been reviewed in this work. This review will contribute to a better understanding of MPs pollution in the environment, as well as their identification, toxicity, and biodegradation in the ocean, freshwater, and soil, and the assessment and control of microplastics exposure.

Keywords Microplastics Distribution Toxicity Identification Biodegradation Environment

Corresponding Author(s): Yongning Wu,Yanshen Li

Issue Date: 12 April 2021

Cite this article:

Qinghui Sun,Juan Li,Chen Wang, et al. Research progress on distribution, sources, identification, toxicity, and biodegradation of microplastics in the ocean, freshwater, and soil environment[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(1): 1.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-021-1429-z
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2022/V16/I1/1

Fig.1 Main sources of primary and secondary microplastics in the environment.

Tab.1 List of microplastic degrading microbial strains from ocean environment

Tab.2 List of microplastic degrading microbial strains from soil environment

1	C Alomar, F Estarellas, S Deudero (2016). Microplastics in the Mediterranean Sea: Deposition in coastal shallow sediments, spatial variation and preferential grain size. Marine Environmental Research, 115: 1–10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.01.005
2	H S Auta, C U Emenike, S H Fauziah (2017). Distribution and importance of microplastics in the marine environment: A review of the sources, fate, effects, and potential solutions. Environment International, 102: 165–176 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.02.013
3	H S Auta, C U Emenike, B Jayanthi, S H Fauziah (2018). Growth kinetics and biodeterioration of polypropylene microplastics by Bacillus sp. and Rhodococcus sp. isolated from mangrove sediment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 127: 15–21 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.11.036
4	V Balasubramanian, K Natarajan, B Hemambika, N Ramesh, C S Sumathi, R Kottaimuthu, V Rajesh Kannan (2010). High-density polyethylene (HDPE)-degrading potential bacteria from marine ecosystem of Gulf of Mannar, India. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 51(2): 205–211 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2010.02883.x
5	A Ballent, P L Corcoran, O Madden, P A Helm, F J Longstaffe (2016). Sources and sinks of microplastics in Canadian Lake Ontario nearshore, tributary and beach sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 110(1): 383–395 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.037
6	T Banerjee, R K Srivastava (2012). Plastics waste management and resource recovery in India. International Journal of Environment and Waste Management, 10(1): 90–111 https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEWM.2012.048153
7	P Blarer, P Burkhardt-Holm (2016). Microplastics affect assimilation efficiency in the freshwater amphipod Gammarus fossarum. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 23(23): 23522–23532 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7584-2
8	M Bläsing, W Amelung (2018). Plastics in soil: Analytical methods and possible sources. Science of the Total Environment, 612: 422–435 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.086
9	M A Browne, P Crump, S J Niven, E Teuten, A Tonkin, T Galloway, R Thompson (2011). Accumulation of microplastic on shorelines woldwide: Sources and sinks. Environmental Science & Technology, 45(21): 9175–9179 https://doi.org/10.1021/es201811s
10	L Cai, J Wang, J Peng, Z Wu, X Tan (2018a). Observation of the degradation of three types of plastic pellets exposed to UV irradiation in three different environments. Science of the Total Environment, 628–629: 740–747 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.079
11	M Cai, H He, M Liu, S Li, G Tang, W Wang, P Huang, G Wei, Y Lin, B Chen, J Hu, Z Cen (2018b). Lost but can’t be neglected: Huge quantities of small microplastics hide in the South China Sea. Science of the Total Environment, 633: 1206–1216 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.197
12	E J Carpenter, S J Anderson, G R Harvey, H P Miklas, B B Peck (1972). Polystyrene spherules in coastal waters. Science, 178(4062): 749–750 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.178.4062.749
13	S A Carr, J Liu, A G Tesoro (2016). Transport and fate of microplastic particles in wastewater treatment plants. Water Research, 91: 174–182 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.01.002
14	Z Chen, W Zhao, R Xing, S Xie, X Yang, P Cui, J Lu, H Liao, Z Yu, S Wang, S Zhou (2020). Enhanced in situ biodegradation of microplastics in sewage sludge using hyperthermophilic composting technology. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 384: 121271 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121271
15	L Cheung, C Y Lui, L Fok (2018). Microplastic contamination of wild and captive flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(4): 597 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040597
16	M Cole, P Lindeque, E Fileman, C Halsband, T S Galloway (2015). The impact of polystyrene microplastics on feeding, function and fecundity in the marine copepod Calanus helgolandicus. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(2): 1130–1137 https://doi.org/10.1021/es504525u
17	M Cole, H Webb, P K Lindeque, E S Fileman, C Halsband, T S Galloway (2014). Isolation of microplastics in biota-rich seawater samples and marine organisms. Scientific Reports, 4(1): 4528 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep04528
18	F Corradini, P Meza, R Eguiluz, F Casado, E Huerta-Lwanga, V Geissen (2019). Evidence of microplastic accumulation in agricultural soils from sewage sludge disposal. Science of the Total Environment, 671: 411–420 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.368
19	K Critchell, M O Hoogenboom (2018). Effects of microplastic exposure on the body condition and behaviour of planktivorous reef fish (Acanthochromis polyacanthus). PLoS One, 13(3): e0193308 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193308
20	S Cui, G Zhang, M Xu (2019). Contamination and removal of microplastics in drinking water. Inner Mongolia Science Technology & Economy, 14: 64–65 (in Chinese)
21	J David, Z Steinmetz, J Kucerik, G E Schaumann (2018). Quantitative analysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) microplastics in soil via thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry, 90(15): 8793–8799 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00355
22	A A de Souza Machado, C W Lau, J Till, W Kloas, A Lehmann, R Becker, M C Rillig (2018). Impacts of microplastics on the soil biophysical environment. Environmental Science & Technology, 52(17): 9656–9665 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02212
23	P Denuncio, R Bastida, M Dassis, G Giardino, M Gerpe, D Rodriguez (2011). Plastic ingestion in Franciscana dolphins, Pontoporia blainvillei (Gervais and d’Orbigny, 1844), from Argentina. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62(8): 1836–1841 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.003
24	J Ding, S Zhang, H Zou, Y Zhang, R Zhu (2017). Occurrence, source and ecotoxicological effect of microplastics in freshwater environment. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 26(09): 1619–1626 (in Chinese)
25	E M Duncan, A C Broderick, W J Fuller, T S Galloway, M H Godfrey, M Hamann, C J Limpus, P K Lindeque, A G Mayes, L Omeyer, D Santillo, R Snape, B J Godley (2019). Microplastic ingestion ubiquitous in marine turtles. Global Change Biology, 25(2): 744–752 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14519
26	E M Eckert, A Di Cesare, M T Kettner, M Arias-Andres, D Fontaneto, H P Grossart, G Corno (2018). Microplastics increase impact of treated wastewater on freshwater microbial community. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987), 234: 495–502
27	A M Elert, R Becker, E Duemichen, P Eisentraut, J Falkenhagen, H Sturm, U Braun (2017). Comparison of different methods for MP detection: What can we learn from them, and why asking the right question before measurements matters? Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987), 231 (Pt 2): 1256–1264
28	M Eriksen, L C Lebreton, H S Carson, M Thiel, C J Moore, J C Borerro, F Galgani, P G Ryan, J Reisser (2014). Plastic pollution in the world’s oceans: More than 5 trillion plastic pieces weighing over 250000 tons afloat at sea. PLoS One, 9(12): e111913 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111913
29	M Eriksen, S Mason, S Wilson, C Box, A Zellers, W Edwards, H Farley, S Amato (2013). Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 77(1–2): 177–182 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.10.007
30	L Feng, X Sun, F Zhu, Y Feng, J Duan, F Xiao, X Li, Y Shi, Q Wang, J Sun, X Liu, J Liu, L Zhou, S Wang, Z Ding, H Tian, T S Galloway, X Yuan (2020). Nanoplastics promote microcystin synthesis and release from cyanobacterial microcystis aeruginosa. Environmental Science & Technology, 54(6): 3386–3394 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b06085
31	C M Free, O P Jensen, S A Mason, M Eriksen, N J Williamson, B Boldgiv (2014). High-levels of microplastic pollution in a large, remote, mountain lake. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 85(1): 156–163 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.06.001
32	E Fries, J H Dekiff, J Willmeyer, M T Nuelle, M Ebert, D Remy (2013). Identification of polymer types and additives in marine microplastic particles using pyrolysis-GC/MS and scanning electron microscopy. Environmental Science. Processes & Impacts, 15(10): 1949–1956 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3em00214d
33	T Gouin, R A Becker, A G Collot, J W Davis, B Howard, K Inawaka, M Lampi, B S Ramon, J Shi, P W Hopp (2019). Toward the development and application of an environmental risk assessment framework for microplastic. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 38(10): 2087–2100 https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.4529
34	W Gu, G Yang, Y Liu, Y Mao, H Li, H Ai, Q He (2020). Treatment and detection methods of microplastics from environmental media: A review. Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 42(01): 135–143 (in Chinese)
35	J P Harrison, J J Ojeda, M E Romero-Gonzalez (2012). The applicability of reflectance micro-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy for the detection of synthetic microplastics in marine sediments. Science of the Total Environment, 416: 455–463 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.078
36	K Harshvardhan, B Jha (2013). Biodegradation of low-density polyethylene by marine bacteria from pelagic waters, Arabian Sea, India. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 77(1–2): 100–106 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.10.025
37	N L Hartline, N J Bruce, S N Karba, E O Ruff, S U Sonar, P A Holden (2016). Microfiber masses recovered from conventional machine washing of new or aged garments. Environmental Science & Technology, 50(21): 11532–11538 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b03045
38	D He, Y Luo, S Lu, M Liu, Y Song, L Lei (2018). Microplastics in soils: Analytical methods, pollution characteristics and ecological risks. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 109: 163–172 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2018.10.006
39	E Hendrickson, E C Minor, K Schreiner (2018). Microplastic abundance and composition in Western Lake superior as determined via microscopy, Pyr-GC/MS, and FTIR. Environmental Science & Technology, 52(4): 1787–1796 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b05829
40	E Hernandez, B Nowack, D M Mitrano (2017). Polyester textiles as a source of microplastics from households: A mechanistic study to understand microfiber release during washing. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(12): 7036–7046 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b01750
41	V Hidalgo-Ruz, L Gutow, R C Thompson, M Thiel (2012). Microplastics in the marine environment: A review of the methods used for identification and quantification. Environmental Science & Technology, 46(6): 3060–3075 https://doi.org/10.1021/es2031505
42	A A Horton, A Walton, D J Spurgeon, E Lahive, C Svendsen (2017). Microplastics in freshwater and terrestrial environments: Evaluating the current understanding to identify the knowledge gaps and future research priorities. Science of the Total Environment, 586: 127–141 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.190
43	R R Hurley, A L Lusher, M Olsen, L Nizzetto (2018). Validation of a method for extracting microplastics from complex, organic-rich, environmental matrices. Environmental Science & Technology, 52(13): 7409–7417 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b01517
44	H K Imhof, J Rusek, M Thiel, J Wolinska, C Laforsch (2017). Do microplastic particles affect Daphnia magna at the morphological, life history and molecular level? PLoS One, 12(11): e0187590 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187590
45	J R Jambeck, R Geyer, C Wilcox, T R Siegler, M Perryman, A Andrady, R Narayan, K L Law (2015). Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science, 347(6223): 768–771 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1260352
46	H J Jeon, M N Kim (2013). Isolation of a thermophilic bacterium capable of low-molecular-weight polyethylene degradation. Biodegradation, 24(1): 89–98 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10532-012-9560-y
47	C B Jeong, H M Kang, M C Lee, D H Kim, J Han, D S Hwang, S Souissi, S J Lee, K H Shin, H G Park, J S Lee (2017). Adverse effects of microplastics and oxidative stress-induced MAPK/Nrf2 pathway-mediated defense mechanisms in the marine copepod Paracyclopina nana. Scientific Reports, 7(1): 41323 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep41323
48	C B Jeong, E J Won, H M Kang, M C Lee, D S Hwang, U K Hwang, B Zhou, S Souissi, S J Lee, J S Lee (2016). Microplastic size-dependent toxicity, oxidative stress induction, and p-JNK and p-p38 activation in the monogonont rotifer (Brachionus koreanus). Environmental Science & Technology, 50(16): 8849–8857 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b01441
49	S Karbalaei, P Hanachi, T R Walker, M Cole (2018). Occurrence, sources, human health impacts and mitigation of microplastic pollution. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 25(36): 36046–36063 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3508-7
50	A A Koelmans, N H Mohamed Nor, E Hermsen, M Kooi, S M Mintenig, J De France (2019). Microplastics in freshwaters and drinking water: Critical review and assessment of data quality. Water Research, 155: 410–422 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.02.054
51	M Kosuth, S A Mason, E V Wattenberg (2018). Anthropogenic contamination of tap water, beer, and sea salt. PLoS One, 13(4): e0194970 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194970
52	A Kowalczyk, M Chyc, P Ryszka, D Latowski (2017). Erratum to: Achromobacter xylosoxidans as a new microorganism strain colonizing high-density polyethylene as a key step to its biodegradation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24: 5985 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8267-8
53	A Kumari, D R Chaudhary, B Jha (2019). Destabilization of polyethylene and polyvinylchloride structure by marine bacterial strain. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 26(2): 1507–1516 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3465-1
54	M Lares, M C Ncibi, M Sillanpaa, M Sillanpaa (2019). Intercomparison study on commonly used methods to determine microplastics in wastewater and sludge samples. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 26(12): 12109–12122 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04584-6
55	K W Lee, W J Shim, O Y Kwon, J H Kang (2013). Size-dependent effects of micro polystyrene particles in the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus. Environmental Science & Technology, 47(19): 11278–11283 https://doi.org/10.1021/es401932b
56	L Lei, S Wu, S Lu, M Liu, Y Song, Z Fu, H Shi, K M Raley-Susman, D He (2018). Microplastic particles cause intestinal damage and other adverse effects in zebrafish Danio rerio and nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Science of the Total Environment, 619–620: 1–8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.103
57	R Lenz, K Enders, C A Stedmon, D Mackenzie, T G Nielsen (2015). A critical assessment of visual identification of marine microplastic using Raman spectroscopy for analysis improvement. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 100(1): 82–91 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.026
58	H A Leslie, S H Brandsma, M J van Velzen, A D Vethaak (2017). Microplastics en route: Field measurements in the Dutch river delta and Amsterdam canals, wastewater treatment plants, North Sea sediments and biota. Environment International, 101: 133–142 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.01.018
59	C Li, R Busquets, L Campos (2020a). Assessment of microplastics in freshwater systems: A review. Science of the Total Environment, 707: 135578 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135578
60	J Li, X Qu, L Su, W Zhang, D Yang, P Kolandhasamy, D Li, H Shi (2016). Microplastics in mussels along the coastal waters of China. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987), 214: 177–184
61	J Li, Y Song, Y Cai (2020b). Focus topics on microplastics in soil: Analytical methods, occurrence, transport, and ecological risks. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987), 257: 113570
62	J Li, K Zhang (2018). Adsorption of antibiotics on microplastics. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987), 237: 460–467
63	Q Li, J Wu, X Zhao, X Gu, R Ji (2019). Separation and identification of microplastics from soil and sewage sludge. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987), 254 (Pt B): 113076
64	W Li, R Wufuer, J Duo, S Wang, Y Luo, D Zhang, X Pan (2020c). Microplastics in agricultural soils: Extraction and characterization after different periods of polythene film mulching in an arid region. Science of the Total Environment, 749: 141420 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141420
65	X Li, L Chen, Q Mei, B Dong, X Dai, G Ding, E Y Zeng (2018). Microplastics in sewage sludge from the wastewater treatment plants in China. Water Research, 142: 75–85 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.05.034
66	H S Lo, X Xu, C Y Wong, S G Cheung (2018). Comparisons of microplastic pollution between mudflats and sandy beaches in Hong Kong. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987), 236: 208–217
67	Q Ma, X Li, W Song, B Jia, Q Zhang, L Lin, F Li (2018). Plastic-film mulch and fertilization rate affect the fate of urea-15N in maize production. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 112: 403–416 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-018-9955-1
68	T Maes, R Jessop, N Wellner, K Haupt, A G Mayes (2017). A rapid-screening approach to detect and quantify microplastics based on fluorescent tagging with Nile Red. Scientific Reports, 7(1): 44501 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep44501
69	A M Mahon, B O’Connell, M G Healy, I O’Connor, R Officer, R Nash, L Morrison (2017). Microplastics in sewage sludge: Effects of treatment. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(2): 810–818 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b04048
70	S A Mason, D Garneau, R Sutton, Y Chu, K Ehmann, J Barnes, P Fink, D Papazissimos, D L Rogers (2016). Microplastic pollution is widely detected in US municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987), 218: 1045–1054
71	A McCormick, T J Hoellein, S A Mason, J Schluep, J J Kelly (2014). Microplastic is an abundant and distinct microbial habitat in an urban river. Environmental Science & Technology, 48(20): 11863–11871 https://doi.org/10.1021/es503610r
72	R E McNeish, L H Kim, H A Barrett, S A Mason, J J Kelly, T J Hoellein (2018). Microplastic in riverine fish is connected to species traits. Scientific Reports, 8(1): 11639 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-29980-9
73	Y Meng, F J Kelly, S L Wright (2020). Advances and challenges of microplastic pollution in freshwater ecosystems: A UK perspective. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987), 256: 113445
74	L Miao, Y Yu, T M Adyel, C Wang, Z Liu, S Liu, L Huang, G You, M Meng, H Qu, J Hou (202 1). Distinct microbial metabolic activities of biofilms colonizing microplastics in three freshwater ecosystems. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 403: 123577 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123577
75	K Mohanrasu, N Premnath, G Siva Prakash, M Sudhakar, T Boobalan, A Arun (2018). Exploring multi potential uses of marine bacteria; an integrated approach for PHB production, PAHs and polyethylene biodegradation. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology. B, Biology, 185: 55–65 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.05.014
76	J N Möller, M Loder, C Laforsch (2020). Finding microplastics in soils: A review of analytical methods. Environmental Science & Technology, 54(4): 2078–2090 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b04618
77	R Mor, A Sivan (2008). Biofilm formation and partial biodegradation of polystyrene by the actinomycete Rhodococcus ruber. Biodegradation, 19(6): 851–858 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10532-008-9188-0
78	F Murphy, C Ewins, F Carbonnier, B Quinn (2016). Wastewater Treatment Works (WwTW) as a source of microplastics in the aquatic environment. Environmental Science & Technology, 50(11): 5800–5808 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b05416
79	H Nie, J Wang, K Xu, Y Huang, M Yan (2019). Microplastic pollution in water and fish samples around Nanxun Reef in Nansha Islands, South China Sea. Science of the Total Environment, 696: 134022 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134022
80	L Nizzetto, M Futter, S Langaas (2016a). Are agricultural soils dumps for microplastics of urban origin? Environmental Science & Technology, 50(20): 10777–10779 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b04140
81	L Nizzetto, S Langaas, M Futter (2016b). Pollution: Do microplastics spill on to farm soils? Nature, 537(7621): 488 https://doi.org/10.1038/537488b
82	Y Nogi, M Yoshizumi, M Miyazaki (2014). Thalassospira povalilytica sp. nov., a polyvinyl-alcohol-degrading marine bacterium. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 64(Pt_4): 1149–1153 https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.058321-0
83	B E Nowak, J Pająk, M Drozd-Bratkowicz, G Y Rymarz (2011). Microorganisms participating in the biodegradation of modified polyethylene films in different soils under laboratory conditions. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 65(6): 757–767 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2011.04.007
84	M T Nuelle, J H Dekiff, D Remy, E Fries (2014). A new analytical approach for monitoring microplastics in marine sediments. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987), 184: 161–169
85	I G Orr, Y Hadar, A Sivan (2004). Colonization, biofilm formation and biodegradation of polyethylene by a strain of Rhodococcus ruber. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 65(1): 97–104
86	A Paço, K Duarte, J P da Costa, P S M Santos, R Pereira, M E Pereira, A C Freitas, A C Duarte, T A P Rocha-Santos (2017). Biodegradation of polyethylene microplastics by the marine fungus Zalerion maritimum. Science of the Total Environment, 586: 10–15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.017
87	S Y Park, C G Kim (2019). Biodegradation of micro-polyethylene particles by bacterial colonization of a mixed microbial consortium isolated from a landfill site. Chemosphere, 222: 527–533 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.159
88	C Peda, L Caccamo, M C Fossi, F Gai, F Andaloro, L Genovese, A Perdichizzi, T Romeo, G Maricchiolo (2016). Intestinal alterations in European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus, 1758) exposed to microplastics: Preliminary results. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987), 212: 251–256
89	N Peez, M C Janiska, W Imhof (2019). The first application of quantitative (1)H NMR spectroscopy as a simple and fast method of identification and quantification of microplastic particles (PE, PET, and PS). Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 411(4): 823–833 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-018-1510-z
90	Y Qi, X Yang, A M Pelaez, E Huerta Lwanga, N Beriot, H Gertsen, P Garbeva, V Geissen (2018). Macro- and micro- plastics in soil-plant system: Effects of plastic mulch film residues on wheat (Triticum aestivum) growth. Science of the Total Environment, 645: 1048–1056 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.229
91	L Ramos, G Berenstein, E A Hughes, A Zalts, J M Montserrat (2015). Polyethylene film incorporation into the horticultural soil of small periurban production units in Argentina. Science of the Total Environment, 523: 74–81 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.142
92	M C Rillig, M Bonkowski (2018). Microplastic and soil protists: A call for research. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987), 241: 1128–1131
93	M C Rillig, L Ziersch, S Hempel (2017). Microplastic transport in soil by earthworms. Scientific Reports, 7(1): 1362 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01594-7
94	A Rodriguez-Seijo, J Lourenco, T Rocha-Santos, C J Da, A C Duarte, H Vala, R Pereira (2017). Histopathological and molecular effects of microplastics in Eisenia andrei Bouche. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987), 220 (Pt A): 495–503
95	F Ruggero, R Gori, C Lubello (2020). Methodologies for microplastics recovery and identification in heterogeneous solid matrices: A review. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 28(3): 739–748 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-019-01644-3
96	C Sánchez (2020). Fungal potential for the degradation of petroleum-based polymers: An overview of macro- and microplastics biodegradation. Biotechnology Advances, 40: 107501 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107501
97	M K Sangale, M Shahnawaz, A B Ade (2019). Potential of fungi isolated from the dumping sites mangrove rhizosphere soil to degrade polythene. Scientific Reports, 9(1): 5390 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41448-y
98	R Sangeetha Devi, V Rajesh Kannan, D Nivas, K Kannan, S Chandru, A Robert Antony (2015). Biodegradation of HDPE by Aspergillus spp. from marine ecosystem of Gulf of Mannar, India. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 96(1–2): 32–40 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.05.050
99	A Satlewal, R Soni, M Zaidi, Y Shouche, R Goel (2008). Comparative biodegradation of HDPE and LDPE using an indigenously developed microbial consortium. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 18(3): 477–482
100	M Scheurer, M Bigalke (2018). Microplastics in Swiss floodplain soils. Environmental Science & Technology, 52(6): 3591–3598 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b06003
101	A A Shah, F Hasan, A Hameed, S Ahmed (2008). Biological degradation of plastics: A comprehensive review. Biotechnology Advances, 26(3): 246–265 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.12.005
102	Z Shah, L Krumholz, D F Aktas, F Hasan, M Khattak, A A Shah (2013). Degradation of polyester polyurethane by a newly isolated soil bacterium, Bacillussubtilis strain MZA-75. Biodegradation, 24(6): 865–877 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10532-013-9634-5
103	S Sharma, S Chatterjee (2017). Microplastic pollution, a threat to marine ecosystem and human health: A short review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 24(27): 21530–21547 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9910-8
104	W J Shim, R C Thomposon (2015). Microplastics in the ocean. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 69(3): 265–268 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-015-0216-x
105	M Sudhakar, M Doble, P S Murthy, R Venkatesan (2008). Marine microbe-mediated biodegradation of low- and high-density polyethylenes. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 61(3): 203–213 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2007.07.011
106	M Sudhakar, C Priyadarshini, M Doble, P Sriyutha Murthy, R Venkatesan (2007). Marine bacteria mediated degradation of nylon 66 and 6. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 60(3): 144–151 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2007.02.002
107	J Sun, X Dai, Q Wang, M van Loosdrecht, B J Ni (2019). Microplastics in wastewater treatment plants: Detection, occurrence and removal. Water Research, 152: 21–37 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.12.050
108	R Sutton, S A Mason, S K Stanek, E Willis-Norton, I F Wren, C Box (2016). Microplastic contamination in the San Francisco Bay, California, USA. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 109(1): 230–235 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.077
109	E Syranidou, K Karkanorachaki, F Amorotti, E Repouskou, K Kroll, B Kolvenbach, P F Corvini, F Fava, N Kalogerakis (2017). Development of tailored indigenous marine consortia for the degradation of naturally weathered polyethylene films. PLoS One, 12(8): e0183984 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183984
110	A S Tagg, J P Harrison, Y Ju-Nam, M Sapp, E L Bradley, C J Sinclair, J J Ojeda (2016). Fenton’s reagent for the rapid and efficient isolation of microplastics from wastewater. Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England), 53 (2): 372–375
111	T Teeraphatpornchai, T Nakajima-Kambe, Y Shigeno-Akutsu, M Nakayama, N Nomura, T Nakahara, H Uchiyama (2003). Isolation and characterization of a bacterium that degrades various polyester-based biodegradable plastics. Biotechnology Letters, 25(1): 23–28 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021713711160
112	M Thomas, B Jon, S Craig, R Edward, H Ruth, B John, V A Dick, L A Heather, S Matthew (2020). The world is your oyster: low-dose, long-term microplastic exposure of juvenile oysters. Heliyon, 6(1): e03103 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e03103
113	P S Tourinho, V Koci, S Loureiro, C van Gestel (2019). Partitioning of chemical contaminants to microplastics: Sorption mechanisms, environmental distribution and effects on toxicity and bioaccumulation. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987), 252 (Pt B): 1246–1256
114	J Wang, X Liu, Y Li, T Powell, X Wang, G Wang, P Zhang (2019). Microplastics as contaminants in the soil environment: A mini-review. Science of the Total Environment, 691: 848–857 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.209
115	W Wang, J Ge, X Yu (2020). Bioavailability and toxicity of microplastics to fish species: A review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 189: 109913 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109913
116	W Wang, A W Ndungu, Z Li, J Wang (2017). Microplastics pollution in inland freshwaters of China: A case study in urban surface waters of Wuhan, China. Science of the Total Environment, 575: 1369–1374 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.213
117	Z Wang, S E Taylor, P Sharma, M Flury (2018). Poor extraction efficiencies of polystyrene nano- and microplastics from biosolids and soil. PLoS One, 13(11): e0208009 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208009
118	P Wardrop, J Shimeta, D Nugegoda, P D Morrison, A Miranda, M Tang, B O Clarke (2016). Chemical pollutants sorbed to ingested microbeads from personal care products accumulate in fish. Environmental Science & Technology, 50(7): 4037–4044 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b06280
119	N Weithmann, J N Möller, M Loder, S Piehl, C Laforsch, R Freitag (2018). Organic fertilizer as a vehicle for the entry of microplastic into the environment. Science Advances, 4(4): eaap8060 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aap8060
120	N A Welden, P R Cowie (2017). Degradation of common polymer ropes in a sublittoral marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 118(1–2): 248–253 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.072
121	S L Wright, R C Thompson, T S Galloway (2013). The physical impacts of microplastics on marine organisms: A review. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987), 178: 483–492
122	D Yang, H Shi, L Li, J Li, K Jabeen, P Kolandhasamy (2015). Microplastic pollution in table salts from China. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(22): 13622–13627 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b03163
123	S Yoshida, K Hiraga, T Takehana, I Taniguchi, H Yamaji, Y Maeda, K Toyohara, K Miyamoto, Y Kimura, K Oda (2016). A bacterium that degrades and assimilates poly(ethylene terephthalate). Science, 351(6278): 1196–1199 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad6359
124	J Yuan, J Ma, Y Sun, T Zhou, Y Zhao, F Yu (2020). Microbial degradation and other environmental aspects of microplastics/plastics. Science of the Total Environment, 715: 136968 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136968
125	W Yuan, X Liu, W Wang, M Di, J Wang (2019). Microplastic abundance, distribution and composition in water, sediments, and wild fish from Poyang Lake, China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 170: 180–187 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.126
126	M Zbyszewski, P L Corcoran, A Hockin (2014). Comparison of the distribution and degradation of plastic debris along shorelines of the Great Lakes, North America. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 40(2): 288–299 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2014.02.012
127	G S Zhang, Y F Liu (2018). The distribution of microplastics in soil aggregate fractions in southwestern China. Science of the Total Environment, 642: 12–20 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.004
128	K Zhang, H Shi, J Peng, Y Wang, X Xiong, C Wu, P Lam (2018). Microplastic pollution in China’s inland water systems: A review of findings, methods, characteristics, effects, and management. Science of the Total Environment, 630: 1641–1653 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.300
129	L Zhang, J Liu, Y Xie, S Zhong, B Yang, D Lu, Q Zhong (2020). Distribution of microplastics in surface water and sediments of Qin river in Beibu Gulf, China. Science of the Total Environment, 708: 135176 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135176

[1]	Wenwen Gong, Yu Xing, Lihua Han, Anxiang Lu, Han Qu, Li Xu. Occurrence and distribution of micro- and mesoplastics in the high-latitude nature reserve, northern China[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(9): 113-.
[2]	Xue Bai, Chang Li, Lingyu Ma, Pei Xin, Fengjie Li, Zhenjia Xu. Quantitative analysis of microplastics in coastal tidal-flat reclamation in Dongtai, China[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(8): 107-.
[3]	Jie Wu, Jian Lu, Jun Wu. Effect of gastric fluid on adsorption and desorption of endocrine disrupting chemicals on microplastics[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(8): 104-.
[4]	Ying Cai, Jun Wu, Jian Lu, Jianhua Wang, Cui Zhang. Fate of microplastics in a coastal wastewater treatment plant: Microfibers could partially break through the integrated membrane system[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(7): 96-.
[5]	Shengqi Zhang, Chengsong Ye, Wenjun Zhao, Lili An, Xin Yu, Lei Zhang, Hongjie Sun, Mingbao Feng. Product identification and toxicity change during oxidation of methotrexate by ferrate and permanganate in water[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(7): 93-.
[6]	Weiying Li, Yu Tian, Jiping Chen, Xinmin Wang, Yu Zhou, Nuo Shi. Synergistic effects of sodium hypochlorite disinfection and iron-oxidizing bacteria on early corrosion in cast iron pipes[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(6): 72-.
[7]	Xuesong Liu, Jianmin Wang, Yue-Wern Huang. *Understanding the role of nano-TiO₂ on the toxicity of Pb on C. dubia* through modeling–Is it additive or synergistic?**[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(5): 59-.
[8]	Jinkai Xue, Seyed Hesam-Aldin Samaei, Jianfei Chen, Ariana Doucet, Kelvin Tsun Wai Ng. What have we known so far about microplastics in drinking water treatment? A timely review[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(5): 58-.
[9]	Hua Long, Yang Liao, Changhao Cui, Meijia Liu, Zeiwei Liu, Li Li, Wenzheng Hu, Dahai Yan. Assessment of popular techniques for co-processing municipal solid waste in Chinese cement kilns[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(4): 51-.
[10]	Wenping Zhang, Changsheng Guo, Jiapei Lv, Xu Li, Jian Xu. Organophosphate esters in sediment from Taihu Lake, China: Bridging the gap between riverine sources and lake sinks[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(3): 30-.
[11]	Yali Liu, Jianqing Du, Boyang Ding, Yuexian Liu, Wenjun Liu, Anquan Xia, Ran Huo, Qinwei Ran, Yanbin Hao, Xiaoyong Cui, Yanfen Wang. Water resource conservation promotes synergy between economy and environment in China’s northern drylands[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(3): 28-.
[12]	Hasti Daraei, Kimia Toolabian, Ian Thompson, Guanglei Qiu. Biotoxicity evaluation of zinc oxide nanoparticles on bacterial performance of activated sludge at COD, nitrogen, and phosphorus reduction[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(2): 19-.
[13]	K. Dhineka, M. Sambandam, S. K. Sivadas, T. Kaviarasan, Umakanta Pradhan, Mehmuna Begum, Pravakar Mishra, M. V. Ramana Murthy. Characterization and seasonal distribution of microplastics in the nearshore sediments of the south-east coast of India, Bay of Bengal[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(1): 10-.
[14]	Wen Zhang, Qi Wang, Hao Chen. Challenges in characterization of nanoplastics in the environment[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(1): 11-.
[15]	Hongzhe Chen, Sumin Wang, Huige Guo, Yunlong Huo, Hui Lin, Yuanbiao Zhang. The abundance, characteristics and diversity of microplastics in the South China Sea: Observation around three remote islands[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(1): 9-.

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed