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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2022, Vol. 16 Issue (4) : 51    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-021-1485-4
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Assessment of popular techniques for co-processing municipal solid waste in Chinese cement kilns
Hua Long1,2, Yang Liao2, Changhao Cui1, Meijia Liu1, Zeiwei Liu1, Li Li1, Wenzheng Hu3, Dahai Yan1()
1. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
2. College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
3. Zibo Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control Center, Zibo 255000, China
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Abstract

• Municipal solid waste (MSW) was fermented, screened, gasified, then co-processed.

• Co-processing MSW in cement kilns could cause excessive pollutant emissions.

• Bypass flue gas can be disposed of through the main flue system.

• Popular MSW co-processing methods do not affect cement quality.

Cement kiln co-processing techniques have been developed in the past 20 years in China, and more than 60 factories now use fermentation, screening, and gasification pre-treatment techniques to co-process municipal solid waste (MSW). There three complete MSW pre-treatment techniques, co-processing procedures, and environmental risk assessments have been described in few publications. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of each technique. The results suggested that the pollutant content released by each pre-treatment technology was lower than the emission standard. To reveal the mechanisms of pollutant migration and enrichment, the substances in the kiln and kiln products are investigated. The input of co-processing materials (Co-M) produced by fermentation caused formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofuran (PCDD/Fs) in the bypass flue gas (By-gas) in excess of the regulatory standard. The Co-M input produced by the screening and gasifier technologies caused the total organic carbon (TOC) concentration to exceed the standard. In addition, the NOx, TOC, and PCDD/Fs in the By-gas exceeded the regulatory standard. Raw meal was the primary chlorine and heavy metals input stream, and clinker (CK) and cement kiln dust (CKD) accounted for>90% of the total chlorine output stream. Flue gas and CKD were the primary volatile heavy metal (Hg) output streams. Greater than 70% of the semi-volatile heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Tl and Se) distributed in hot raw meal and bypass cement kiln dust. The low-volatility heavy metals were concentrated in the CK. These results indicated that co-processing techniques used in China still require improvement.
Keywords Cement kiln      Co-processing      Environmental risk assessment      By-pass system     
Corresponding Author(s): Dahai Yan   
Issue Date: 07 September 2021
 Cite this article:   
Hua Long,Yang Liao,Changhao Cui, et al. Assessment of popular techniques for co-processing municipal solid waste in Chinese cement kilns[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(4): 51.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-021-1485-4
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2022/V16/I4/51
Fig.1  Pre-treatment processes used in plants A, B, and C. D is the clinker production process.
Project A1-Ba A1-Co A2-Co B-Ba B-Co C-Ba C-Co
RM feed rate (t/h) 368.08 358.80 319.40 376.50 372.90 365.00 371.00
Coal feed rate (t/h) 33.13 29.27 26.23 29.40 24.91 30.50 31.00
RDF (MSW) feed rate (t/h) a) – 11.54 15.50 – 10.08 – 12.90
CK output rate (t/h) 234.46 231.82 208.76 241.30 240.90 228.20 230.10
Flue gas (N m3/h) 4.18 × 105 4.25 × 105 3.23 × 105 4.99 × 105 4.94 × 105 8.04 × 105 7.92 × 105
By-gas (N m3/h) – – 3.78 × 104 – 1.18 × 104 – 1.91 × 104
CKD output rate (t/h) 18.40 17.94 22.80 18.83 18.65 18.25 18.55
By-CKD output rate (t/h) – – 0.52 – 0.38 – 0.10
CK consumption (kwh/t) 31.40 31.34 31.34 62.73 61.59 23.93 24.14
Preprocessing consumption (kwh/t) – 33.50 33.50 – 14.31 – 32.40
Coal replacement rate (%) – 10.61 14.9 – 13.22 – −1.8
RM replacement rate (%) – – – – 1.15 – 1.41
Tab.1  Operating conditions used during baseline and municipal solid waste (MSW) co-processing tests
Project Compositions A1-Ba A1-Co A2-Co B-Ba B-Co C-Ba C-Co Limit
Flue gas O2 (%) 8.10±0.11 8.10±0.12 8.55±0.13 8.90±0.14 8.50±0.15 11.50±0.16 10.90±0.15 –
CO2 (%) 23.09±0.40 23.85±0.55 24.50±0.34 22.20±0.08 21.90±0.32 16.80±0.67 18.10±0.75 –
CO (mg/m3) 142.00±0.98 238.00±0.91 5230±0.45 279.00±1.21 1964±10.95 36.00±0.40 54.00±0.45 –
PM (mg/m3) 0.50±0.01 0.50±0.03 3.90±0.03 31.02±0.55 35.55±0.58 8.40±0.34 23.60±0.28 30
SO2 (mg/m3) 2.60±0.05 2.50±0.07 225.50±0.48 2.72±0.03 2.60±0.03 3.50±0.03 3.30±0.05 200
NOx (mg/m3) 355.00±2.67 358.00±1.02 169.90±2.31 408.00±1.98 331.00±1.45 400.00±0.85 395.00±1.98 400
NH3 (mg/m3) 0.90±0.03 1.20±0.02 1.09±0.01 0.57±0.02 0.62±0.01 0.03±0.01 0.21±0.02 10
HCl (mg/m3) 0.12±0.01 0.30±0.02 0.04±0.01 0.67±0.01 0.92±0.03 0.37±0.03 0.22±0.01 10
HF (mg/m3) ND ND ND 0.04±0.02 0.05±0.01 0.03±0.01 0.03±0.01 1
TOC (mg/m3) 1.74±0.03 2.91±0.02 1.80±0.03 11.5±0.07 118.2±0.98 10.40±0.80 87.00±0.25 10
By-gas O2 (%) – – 20.60±0.32 – 20.65±0.45 – 19.45±0.03 –
CO2 (%) – – 0.85±0.02 – 0.65±0.04 – 1.97±0.04 –
CO (mg/m3) – – 1.50±0.03 – 51.00±0.35 – 95.00±0.25 –
PM (mg/m3) – – 10.00±0.15 – 12.70±0.09 – 3.00±0.03 30
SO2 (mg/m3) – – 1.50±0.03 – 51.00±0.95 – 21.00±0.11 200
NOx (mg/m3) – – 46.50±0.05 – 998.00±2.25 – 1705±2.23 400
NH3 (mg/m3) – – 4.33±0.04 – 4.06±0.03 – 0.35±0.04 10
HCl (mg/m3) – – 0.03±0.01 – 8.72±0.07 – 0.74±0.05 10
HF (mg/m3) – – 0.05±0.01 – 1.02±0.03 – 0.21±0.03 1
TOC (mg/m3) – – 2.17±0.10 – 44.34±0.90 – 79.0±0.65 10
Tab.2  Pollutant concentrations in flue gas and bypass flue gas (O2 concentration 10%)
Project Metal (μg/m3) A1-Ba A1-Co A2-Co B-Ba B-Co C-Ba C-Co Zemba et al. (2011) Yan et al.
(2018)
Flue gas As 0.22±0.04 0.58±0.01 0.10±0.01 0.06±0.01 1.7±0.01 0.12±0.02 0.50±0.03 0.2–4.1 0.17–4.50
Hg 2.10±0.15 2.10±0.17 49.55±0.32 18±0.19 13±0.14 16±0.15 15±0.29 0.2–27 28.60–61.95
Cd ND 0.01 ND ND 0.19±0.02 ND 0.01±0.01 0.1–37 ND–0.04
Pb 0.05±0.03 0.02±0.01 0.34±0.02 0.28±0.03 0.07±0.01 2.05±0.02 2±0.05 0.3–88 ND–2.09
Sn 0.20±0.04 0.10±0.01 0.15±0.02 0.19±0.01 0.04±0.02 0.01±0.01 0.03±0.01 – –
Co 0.17±0.01 0.17±0.02 ND 0.18±0.01 0.18±0.02 0.20±0.01 0.22±0.03 0.1–19 0.03–0.18
Cr 0.34±0.01 0.34±0.04 0.15±0.01 0.50±0.03 0.35±0.01 0.49±0.02 0.43±0.02 0.4–83 6.12–12.38
Cu 0.17±0.02 0.17±0.01 0.10±0.01 0.18±0.02 0.43±0.01 0.63±0.03 0.80±0.05 0.4–37 0.27–1.16
Mn 0.17±0.02 0.17±0.03 0.23±0.01 2±0.08 1±0.02 2.12±0.07 2±0.04 0.1–210 2.16–4.50
Ni 0.03±0.01 0.03±0.02 0.05±0.01 0.03±0.01 0.03±0.01 0.05±0.01 0.03±0.01 0.3–44 0.78–4.23
Sb 0.07±0.01 0.07±0.02 0.01±0.01 0.07±0.01 0.07±0.01 0.08±0.02 0.09±0.01 0.2–30 0.17–8.75
Tl 0.04±0.01 0.04±0.01 0.46±0.04 0.04±0.01 0.04±0.01 0.04±0.02 0.05±0.01 0.12–2.8 0.03–1.06
V 0.03±0.01 0.03±0.01 0.02±0.02 0.04±0.02 0.04±0.01 0.04±0.02 0.04±0.01 0.2–30 0.17–8.75
Zn 0.58±0.01 0.36±0.09 0.45±0.04 8±0.24 0.26±0.01 8.2±0.09 7±0.08 0.01–329.63 1.30–5.99
Mo 0.34 0.34 0.01 0.26 0.35 0.32 0.43 – 0.184–0.25
Be ND ND ND ND ND ND ND – ND
Tl+ Cd+ Pb+ As 0.32±0.03 0.65±0.03 0.91±0.02 0.38±0.02 2±0.03 2.21±0.04 3±0.01 1000 1.07–5.34
Be+ Cr+ Sn+ Sb+ Cu+
Co+ Mn+ Ni+ V		 1.20±0.02 1.10±0.04 0.71±0.06 3±0.07 2±0.04 3.58±0.04 3±0.01 500 13.05–22.90
By-gas
As 0.10±0.01 1±0.04 6±0.09
Hg 2.76±0.04 40±0.41 18±0.21
Cd 0.09±0.01 0.05±0.01 3±0.03
Pb 6.4±0.05 0.14±0.01 49±0.23
Sn 0.15±0.01 1.3±0.03 1±0.12
Co 0.02±0.01 3.4±0.04 1±0.05
Cr 1.08±0.01 16±0.12 26±0.43
Cu 0.37±0.01 3.4±0.06 21±0.05
Mn 1.43±0.01 7±0.09 21±0.12
Ni 0.42±0.04 0.5±0.01 9±0.12
Sb 0.01±0.01 1.4±0.12 0.57±0.01
Tl 0.01±0.01 0.8±0.02 0.36±0.01
V 0.02±0.01 0.7±0.02 0.28±0.01
Zn 0.45±0.08 5.1±0.01 89±0.01
Mo 0.01±0.01 6.8±0.12 21±0.09
Be ND ND 0.02±0.01
Tl+ Cd+ Pb+ As 6.89±0.01 2±0.02 58±0.11
Be+ Cr+ Sn+ Sb+ Cu+
Co+ Mn+ Ni+ V		 3.48±0.11 34±0.45 80±0.33
Tab.3  Heavy metal concentrations in the flue gas and bypass flue gas (By-gas) (O2 concentration 10%)
Fig.2  (a) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/Fs) concentrations in the flue gas and bypass flue gas (By) samples. (b) PCDD/Fs contents of the cement kiln dust (CKD) and bypass cement kiln dust (By) samples. A1 means that the bypass system was not used. A2 means that the bypass system was used. Ba means the baseline test. Co means the co-processing test.
Fig.3  Flow chart showing chlorine inputs and outputs for the cement kiln co-processing of municipal solid waste. Co-M indicates the refuse derived fuel (RDF) in plant A; RDF and inert components in plant B; and municipal solid waste in plant C. By-gas means the bypass flue gas. By-CKD means the bypass cement kiln dust.
Fig.4  (a) Chlorine mass inputs and outputs. Chlorine (b) inputs and (c) outputs for the different sources in the different plants. Co-M means refuse-derived fuel (RDF) in plant A; RDF and inert components in plant B; and municipal solid waste in plant C. A1 means that the bypass system was not used; A2 means that the bypass system was used; Ba indicates the baseline test. Co indicates the co-processing test. By-gas means the bypass flue gas. By-CKD means the bypass cement kiln dust.
HM A1-Ba
-OCR		 A1-Co
-OCR		 A2-Co
-OCR		 A2-Co
-ICR		 A2-By
-CR		 B-Ba
-OCR		 B-Ba
-ICR		 B-Co
-OCR		 B-Co
-ICR		 B-By
-CR		 C-Ba
-OCR		 C-Ba
-ICR		 C-Co
-OCR		 C-Co
-ICR		 C-By
-CR
Be 1.59 0.82 2.86 1.29 2.29 1.01 0.83 0.90 0.90 0.79 1.20 0.67 0.87 0.80 0.63
V 0.86 0.70 2.17 1.27 1.94 1.03 1.20 0.98 1.24 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.26 1.15 1.16
Cr 0.81 0.78 1.42 1.19 1.78 0.85 0.92 0.54 0.79 0.90 1.00 1.30 1.06 1.03 1.30
Mn 0.17 0.71 1.64 1.28 1.75 0.78 1.22 0.82 1.30 0.77 0.82 0.93 1.13 1.05 2.57
Co 1.12 1.02 2.46 1.26 2.07 0.94 1.16 0.93 1.24 0.84 1.19 1.31 1.15 1.28 1.24
Ni 1.56 1.01 1.72 0.91 1.48 0.69 0.74 1.68 1.46 1.15 1.12 1.38 1.19 1.22 1.36
Cu 1.22 1.08 2.85 1.94 8.91 1.06 1.38 1.28 1.61 1.65 1.18 1.40 1.06 1.31 1.73
Zn 1.42 1.90 2.38 1.27 2.74 1.96 0.52 3.52 1.78 1.52 1.18 1.20 1.07 0.99 1.28
Se 1.16 0.92 2.16 6.53 8.89 0.90 6.39 1.13 6.28 24.30 1.19 19.19 1.67 22.58 94.17
Mo 0.90 0.80 2.17 1.43 5.87 0.82 1.28 1.01 1.65 5.77 1.12 1.94 1.24 2.05 3.88
Cd 0.87 1.04 6.58 6.53 93.21 0.85 2.75 0.36 5.95 8.36 1.54 1.76 1.17 1.83 4.24
Sb 2.91 1.04 7.14 1.91 15.36 1.49 0.91 2.07 1.84 1.48 1.25 1.16 1.04 0.74 1.00
Hg 2.00 3.19 3.30 0.00 4.00 3.57 1.45 4.04 0.65 0.28 2.26 0.85 3.96 0.34 1.07
Tl 6.30 5.51 0.07 0.06 0.00 2.70 1.19 3.26 0.21 0.29 14.48 0.31 13.30 0.20 1.33
Pb 1.67 1.20 10.78 6.09 0.40 0.94 2.85 1.11 7.58 16.10 1.65 2.34 1.43 3.12 7.62
Tab.4  Heavy metal outer-circulating ratio (OCR), inner-circulating ratio (ICR), and bypass-circulating ratio (By-CR)
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