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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2022, Vol. 16 Issue (5) : 59    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-021-1493-4
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Understanding the role of nano-TiO2 on the toxicity of Pb on C. dubia through modeling–Is it additive or synergistic?
Xuesong Liu1,4, Jianmin Wang1,2(), Yue-Wern Huang2,3
1. Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
2. The Center for Research in Energy and Environment (CREE), Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
3. Department of Biological Sciences, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
4. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Abstract

• A two-compartment model is able to quantify the effect of nano-TiO2 on Pb toxicity.

• Nano-TiO2 reduces Pb tolerance level and increased the killing rate for C. dubia.

• Thus, nano-TiO2 synergistically enhances Pb toxicity.

• Algae reduce Pb transfer rate to the body tissue and the killing rate.

Nano-TiO2 can remarkably increase lead (Pb) toxicity in aquatic organisms. However, the mechanism of this toxicity, additive or synergistic, is not well understood. To explore this mechanism, we inspected the role of nano-TiO2 in the toxicity of Pb on Ceriodaphnia dubia (C. dubia), a model water flea species typically used for ecotoxicity studies. The effect of algae, a diet for aquatic organisms, on the effect of this binary mixture was also investigated. A two-compartment toxicokinetic (TK)-toxicodynamic (TD) modeling approach was used to quantify the Pb toxicity under these complex conditions and to develop critical parameters for understanding the mechanism of toxicity. This two-compartment modeling approach adequately described the Pb accumulation in the gut and in the rest of the body tissue under different nano-TiO2 concentrations, with and without algae, and predicted the toxicity response of C. dubia. It indicated that increasing the nano-TiO2 concentration reduced the Pb tolerance level and concurrently increased the killing rate constant of C. dubia. Therefore, nano-TiO2 synergistically enhanced Pb toxicity. Algae remarkably reduced the toxicity of this binary mixture through reducing the Pb transfer rate to the body tissue and the killing rate, although it did not affect the Pb tolerance level. This two-compartment modeling approach is useful in understanding the role of nanoparticles when assessing the overall toxicity of nanoparticles and other toxic elements in the environment.
Keywords Algae      C. dubia      Lead      Nano-TiO2      Synergistic toxicity      Two-compartment toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic model     
Corresponding Author(s): Jianmin Wang   
Issue Date: 18 October 2021
 Cite this article:   
Xuesong Liu,Jianmin Wang,Yue-Wern Huang. Understanding the role of nano-TiO2 on the toxicity of Pb on C. dubia through modeling–Is it additive or synergistic?[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(5): 59.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-021-1493-4
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2022/V16/I5/59
Model Symbol Definition Unit
Toxicokinetic CT(t) Total Pb in the whole body at time t ng/flea
Cgut(t) Pb in the gut at time t ng/flea
Ctissue(t) Pb in the tissue at time t ng/flea
CPb Total Pb concentration in the solution ng/L
CNP Total NP concentration in the solution mg/L
k Active mouth uptake constant mg/flea/h
k12 The gut to body tissue transfer constant h−1
k1e The gut depuration constant h−1
t Exposure time h
Toxicodynamic S(t) Survival probability of test organisms at time t N.A.
kk Killing rate flea/ng/h
CTH Toxic metal threshold concentration ng/flea
Tab.1  Toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic model symbol and parameters
Fig.1  The Pb accumulation in C. dubia in the presence of nano-TiO2, with and without algae: (a) nano-TiO2 + Pb, and (b) nano-TiO2 + Pb+ algae. Exposure medium: [Pb] = 2500 μg/L; NPs= 100 mg/L; algae= 1.8 × 105 cells/mL. Each filled circle point represents the average value of data (N = 2), error bars represent the range of the data. The inset is the 24-h Pb accumulation in C. dubia under different nano-TiO2 concentrations with and without algae: (a) nano-TiO2 + Pb, NPs= 10–200 mg/L, and (b) nano-TiO2 + Pb+ algae, NPs= 50–200 mg/L. Condition of the exposure medium: [Pb] = 2500 μg/L; algae= 1.8 × 105 cells/mL.
NPs (mg/L) Algae
(cells/mL)		 k
(× 10−3 mg/flea/h)		 k12 (h−1) k1e (h−1) R2
10 0 0.097 0.026 1.588 0.95
20 0.395 0.88
50 0.694 0.96
100 1.091 0.91
200 1.418 0.93
50 1.8 × 105 0.610 0.022 1.588 0.89
100 0.998 0.95
200 1.342 0.93
Tab.2  Toxicokinetic model parameters (the gut uptake constant k, Pb transfer constant from gut to body tissue k12, Pb depuration constant from gut k1e) determined at the Pb concentration of 2500 μg/L
Fig.2  Survivorship of C. dubia in the presence of Pb and nano-TiO2. (a) The survivorship during the 24-h exposure period in test solutions that contained 2500 μg/L of Pb and various concentrations of nano-TiO2 (10–200 mg/L), (b) Comparison of observed and predicted 24-h survivorship for different concentrations of nano-TiO2 (20–200 mg/L) and Pb.
Test Solution * Predicted Ctissue(24) (ng/flea) CTH (ng/flea) kk (flea/ng/h) R2
10 mg/L TiO2** 9.13 N.A. N.A. N.A.
20 mg/L TiO2 16.71 11.69 1.5 × 10−3 0.94
50 mg/L TiO2 13.07 7.53 4.6 × 10−3 0.99
100 mg/L TiO2 10.27 5.70 0.018 0.99
200 mg/L TiO2 5.14 2.96 0.030 0.99
50 mg/L TiO2 + algae*** 9.73 7.53 0.002 0.95
100 mg/L TiO2 + algae*** 7.97 5.70 0.011 0.97
200 mg/L TiO2 + algae*** 4.17 2.96 0.021 0.97
Tab.3  Toxicodynamic model parameters (threshold concentration CTH, killing rate kk)
Fig.3  Survivorship of C. dubia in the presence of Pb, nano-TiO2, and algae. (a) The survivorship during the 24-h exposure period in test solutions that contained 2500 μg/L of Pb, various concentrations of nano-TiO2 (50–200 mg/L), and 1.8 × 105 cells/mL of algae, (b) Comparison of observed and predicted 24-h survivorship for different concentrations of nano-TiO2 (50–200 mg/L) and Pb, and 1.8 × 105 cells/mL of algae.
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