The discussion of common prosperity in this paper revolves around the following two aspects. First, the promotion of common prosperity requires a solid material foundation; solving poverty as measured by the absolute income standard serves as the basic requirement of becoming rich; the future rural relative poverty is a common problem and challenge that most of China’s provinces are facing; and increasing farmers’ income is a problem that must be solved within the framework of integrated urban-rural development. Second, narrowing the income gap is one of the essential requirements of common prosperity; narrowing the income gap to a certain level and achieving the unity of the development and sharing and the harmony of efficiency and fairness constitute the essential component of “common”; and the current urban-rural absolute income gap in China remains large, which violates the concept of shared development, is not conducive to sharing the achievements of economic development by the people as a whole, inhibits economic growth, and hinders the construction of a new development paradigm. Therefore, firmly grasping the mainline of integrated urban-rural development, strengthening overall planning and top-level design, and compensating for the institutional disadvantages of the dual division of urban and rural areas should be the main strategic focuses for promoting common prosperity in China.