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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering

ISSN 2095-7505

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Front. Agr. Sci. Eng.    2015, Vol. 2 Issue (1) : 13-27    https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2015050
REVIEW
Review of the direct thermochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass for liquid fuels
Jianchun JIANG(), Junming XU, Zhanqian SONG
Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products, CAF; Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization; Key Laboratory of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing 210042, China
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Abstract

Increased demand for liquid transportation fuels, environmental concerns and depletion of petroleum resources requires the development of efficient conversion technologies for production of second-generation biofuels from non-food resources. Thermochemical approaches hold great potential for conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into liquid fuels. Direct thermochemical processes convert biomass into liquid fuels in one step using heat and catalysts and have many advantages over indirect and biological processes, such as greater feedstock flexibility, integrated conversion of whole biomass, and lower operation costs. Several direct thermochemical processes are employed in the production of liquid biofuels depending on the nature of the feedstock properties: such as fast pyrolysis/liquefaction of lignocellulosic biomass for bio-oil, including upgrading methods, such as catalytic cracking and hydrogenation. Owing to the substantial amount of liquid fuels consumed by vehicular transport, converting biomass into drop-in liquid fuels may reduce the dependence of the fuel market on petroleum-based fuel products. In this review, we also summarize recent progress in technologies for large-scale equipment for direct thermochemical conversion. We focus on the technical aspects critical to commercialization of the technologies for production of liquid fuels from biomass, including feedstock type, cracking catalysts, catalytic cracking mechanisms, catalytic reactors, and biofuel properties. We also discuss future prospects for direct thermochemical conversion in biorefineries for the production of high grade biofuels.

Keywords lignocellulosic biomass      thermochemical      liquid fuels      upgrading      biofuels     
Corresponding Author(s): Jianchun JIANG   
Just Accepted Date: 22 April 2015   Online First Date: 07 May 2015    Issue Date: 22 May 2015
 Cite this article:   
Jianchun JIANG,Junming XU,Zhanqian SONG. Review of the direct thermochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass for liquid fuels[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2015, 2(1): 13-27.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/10.15302/J-FASE-2015050
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/Y2015/V2/I1/13
Fig.1  The reaction pathway for thermochemical processing of lignocellulosic biomass
Composition Percentage/%
Poplar Sawdust Bamboo Heavy fuel oil[ 13]
Moisture 8.29 9.04 10.02 0.1
Ash 1.34 1.04 1.48 0.1
Benzene-ethanol extractives 5.20 2.41 3.26 −
Lignin 16.45 21.36. 27.02 −
Cellulose 42.82 50.62 43.21 −
Hemicellulose 25.61 24.83 24.88 −
C 46.61 47.72 46.82 85
Element analysis H 6.63 6.98 4.23 11
O 46.76 45.30 41.01 1.0
Tab.1  Comparison of lignocellulosic biomass and petroleum heavy fuel oil a
Physical property Bio-oil Heavy fuel oil
Moisture content/% 15−30 0.1
pH 2.5 −
Specific gravity 1.2 0.94
Elemental composition/%
C 54−58 85
H 5.5−7.0 11
O 35−40 1
N 0−0.2 0.3
Ash 0−0.2 0.1
Higher heating value/(MJ·kg –1 ) 16−19 40
Viscosity (at 50°C)/cP 40−100 180
Solids/% 0.2−1.0 1
Distillation residue/% up to 50 1
Tab.2  Typical properties of wood pyrolysis bio-oil and of heavy fuel oil[ 16]
Fig.2  Aston University Mark 2 ablative fast pyrolysis reactor[ 17]
Fig.3  Main features of bubbling fluid bed and circulating fluid bed
Fig.4  Rotating cone pyrolysis reactor
Fig.5  Proposed mechanism of phenolics hydrodeoxygenation into cyclohydrocarbons (phenol as model compound)
Fig.6  Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) process for the reaction pathway producing pyrolytic products from cellulose
Property Fast pyrolysis HDO bio-oil
Carbon/% 43.5 85.3−89.2
Hydrogen/% 7.3 10.5−14.1
Oxygen/% 49.2 0.0−0.7
H/C-ratio (dry) 1.23 1.40−1.97
Density/(g·mL –1 ) 24.8 0.796−0.926
Moisture/% 24.8 0.001−0.008
Higher heating value (MJ·kg –1 ) 22.6 42.3−45.3
Viscosity/cP 59 (40°C) 1.0−4-6 (23°C)
Aromatic/Aliphatic carbon − 38/62−22/78
Research octane number − 77
Distillation range/%
Initial boiling point–225°C 44 97−36
225−350°C coked 0−41
Tab.3  Properties of pyrolysis oil and hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) bio-oil[ 37]
Fig.7  A typical catalytic cracking system
Fig.8  Reaction pathway of bio-oil during the catalytic cracking reaction
Raw materials Solvent Catalyst Conditions Yield/% Purpose Reference
Algal biomass Water − 300°C, 10−12?MPa, and 30?min retention time 24−45 Liquid fuel [ 57]
Microalgae Water − 350°C for 60?min 40 Liquid fuel [ 58]
Microalgae Water Na 2 CO 3 /Formic acid 350°C, ~200 bar 5−25 Liquid fuel [ 59]
Kenaf biomass 1 st step: water
2 nd step: tetralin 		Activated carbon supported Ru catalyst 1 st step: 250°C, 2?h
2 nd step: 350°C
5?MPa H 2 		2 nd step: 70−75 Liquid fuel [ 60]
Water 1 st step: Acid
2 ndstep: Ca(OH) 2 		1 st: 200°C
2 nd: 380°C 		40 Liquid fuel [ 61]
Pine ( Pinus sp.) wood Ethanol No catalyst (0−240?min), (280−400°C), N 2 pressure (0.4−7.5?MPa), 15.8−59.9 Liquid fuel [ 62]
Bio-ethanol
residue (grains) 		Ethanol (K 2 CO 3 ) /Zirconia-based catalyst 280−370°C, 25?MPa 34 Liquid fuel [ 63]
Co-solvent: alcohol and water − 300°C for 15?min ~65 Liquid fuel [ 64]
Sawdust Glycol/Ethanol H 2 SO 4 250°C, 1?h 97.8 Liquid fuel [ 65]
Pine (Pinus sp.) tree sawdust Co-solvent: methanol and water H 2 SO 4 5?min to 180°C, keep at 180°C for 15min 48.5−76.3 [ 66]
Corn stover glycerol 1 st step: H 2 SO 4
2 nd step: NaOH 		1 st step: 150°C for 30−165?min
2 nd step: 240°C for 45−180?min 		− Polyols [ 67]
Corn stover Glycerol NaOH 240°C for 3?h − Polyols [ 68]
Rapeseed cake Polyethylene glycol H 2 SO 4 140−180°C, 1h 70−88 Polyols [ 69]
Sawdust, cornstalk Hot-compressed water − 250−350°C, 2?MPa H 2 32 Phenolics [ 70]
Japanese beech Phenol − 350°C, 4.2?MPa, 30?min 99.1 Phenolics [ 71]
Tab.4  Recent studies on liquefaction of biomass in solvents for biofuel production
Fig.9  Production of biopolyols and phenolic compounds from liquefied products of biomass
Fig.10  Integrated liquefaction system developed by the Chinese Academy of Forestry. (a) Stereogram; (b) schematic diagram: (1) material container; (2) high pressure reactor; (3) filter system; (4) condenser; (5) alcohol tanks; (6) film evaporator; (7) product collector.
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