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Development of soft kernel durum wheat |
Craig F. MORRIS( ) |
| USDA-ARS Western Wheat Quality Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA |
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Abstract Kernel texture (grain hardness) is a fundamental and determining factor related to wheat (Triticum spp.) milling, baking and flour utilization. There are three kernel texture classes in wheat: soft and hard hexaploid (T. aestivum), and very hard durum (T. turgidum subsp. durum). The genetic basis for these three classes lies with the Puroindoline genes. Phenotypically, the easiest means of quantifying kernel texture is with the Single Kernel Characterization System (SKCS), although other means are valid and can provide fundamental material properties. Typical SKCS values for soft wheat would be around 25 and for durum wheat≥80. Soft kernel durum wheat was created via homeologous recombination using the ph1b mutation, which facilitated the transfer of ca. 28 Mbp of 5DS that replaced ca. 21 Mbp of 5BS. The 5DS translocation contained a complete and intact Hardness locus and both Puroindoline genes. Expression of the Puroindoline genes in durum grain resulted in kernel texture and flour milling characteristics nearly identical to that of soft wheat, with high yields of break and straight-grade flours, which had small particle size and low starch damage. Dough water absorption was markedly reduced compared to durum flour and semolina. Dough strength was essentially unchanged and reflected the inherent gluten properties of the durum background. Pasta quality was essentially equal-to-or-better than pasta made from semolina. Agronomically, soft durum germplasm showed good potential with moderate grain yield and resistance to a number of fungal pathogens and insects. Future breeding efforts will no doubt further improve the quality and competitiveness of soft durum cultivars.
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| Keywords
soft durum wheat
grain hardness
Puroindolines
milling
baking
pasta
noodles
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Corresponding Author(s):
Craig F. MORRIS
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Just Accepted Date: 25 March 2019
Online First Date: 30 April 2019
Issue Date: 26 July 2019
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| 2 |
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| 13 |
C F Morris, A D Bettge, M J Pitts, G E King, K Pecka, P J McCluskey. Compressive strength of wheat endosperm: comparison of endosperm bricks to the single kernel characterization system. Cereal Chemistry, 2008, 85(3): 359–365
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| 14 |
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| 15 |
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| 16 |
C F Morris, M J Pitts, A D Bettge, K Pecka, G E King, P J McCluskey. Compressive strength of wheat endosperm: analysis of endosperm bricks. Cereal Chemistry, 2008, 85(3): 351–358
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| 17 |
J M Martin, R C Frohberg, C F Morris, L E Talbert, M J Giroux. Milling and bread baking traits associated with Puroindoline sequence type in hard red spring wheat. Crop Science, 2001, 41(1): 228–234
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| 18 |
C F Morris, G A Greenblatt, H I Malkawi. Enhanced electrophoretic detection and isolation of friabilin, a starch granule protein. Cereal Chemistry, 1992, 69: 467–468
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| 19 |
C F Morris, G A Greenblatt, A D Bettge, H I Malkawi. Isolation and characterization of multiple forms of friabilin. Journal of Cereal Science, 1994, 21(2): 167–174
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| 20 |
A D Bettge, C F Morris, G A Greenblatt. Assessing genotypic softness in single wheat kernels using starch granule-associated friabilin as a biochemical marker. Euphytica, 1995, 86(1): 65–72
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| 21 |
G A Greenblatt, A D Bettge, C F Morris. Relationship between endosperm texture and the occurrence of friabilin and bound polar lipids on wheat starch. Cereal Chemistry, 1995, 72: 172–176
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| 22 |
S M Finnie, R Jeannotte, C F Morris, J M Faubion. Variation in polar lipid composition within near-isogenic wheat lines containing different Puroindoline haplotypes. Journal of Cereal Science, 2010, 51(1): 66–72
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| 23 |
S M Finnie, R Jeannotte, C F Morris, M J Giroux, J M Faubion. Variation in polar lipids located on the surface of wheat starch. Journal of Cereal Science, 2010, 51(1): 73–80
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2009.09.007
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| 24 |
A N Massa, C F Morris. Molecular evolution of the Puroindoline-a, Puroindoline-b, and Grain Softness Protein-1 genes in the tribe Triticeae. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 2006, 63: 526–536; erratum 63: 718
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| 25 |
C F Morris, H Geng, B S Beecher, D Ma. A review of the occurrence of Grain softness protein-1 genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant Molecular Biology, 2013, 83(6): 507–521
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-013-0110-8
pmid: 23904183
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F Chen, B S Beecher, C F Morris. Physical mapping and a new variant of Puroindoline b-2 genes in wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2010, 120(4): 745–751
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-009-1195-y
pmid: 19911160
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F Chen, F Zhang, X Cheng, C F Morris, H Xu, Z Dong, K Zhan, Z He, X Xia, D Cui. Association of Puroindoline b-2 variants with grain traits, yield components and flag leaf size in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties of Yellow and Huai Valley of China. Journal of Cereal Science, 2010, 52(2): 247–253
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2010.06.001
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| 28 |
H Geng, B S Beecher, Z He, A M Kiszonas, C F Morris. Prevalence of Puroindoline D1 and Puroindoline b-2 variants in U.S. Pacific Northwest wheat breeding germplasm pools, and their association with kernel texture. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2012, 124(7): 1259–1269
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-011-1784-4
pmid: 22231024
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| 29 |
H W Geng, B S Beecher, Z He, C F Morris. Physical mapping of Puroindoline b-2 genes in wheat using ‘Chinese Spring’ chromosome group 7 deletion lines. Crop Science, 2012, 52(6): 2674–2678
https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2012.04.0241
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F Chen, X Shang, C F Morris, F Zhang, Z Dong, D Cui. Molecular characterization and diversity of Puroindoline b-2 variants in cultivated and wild diploid wheat. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 2013, 60(1): 49–58
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| 31 |
F Chen, F Zhang, H Li, C F Morris, Y Cao, X Shang, D Cui. Allelic variation and distribution independence of Puroindoline b-B2 variants and their association with grain texture in wheat. Molecular Breeding, 2013, 32(2): 399–409
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| 32 |
H W Geng, B S Beecher, M Pumphrey, Z H He, C F Morris. Segregation analysis indicates that Puroindoline b-2 variants 2 and 3 are allelic in Triticum aestivum L. and that a revision to Puroindoline b-2 gene symbolization is indicated. Journal of Cereal Science, 2013, 57(1): 61–66
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2012.09.015
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| 33 |
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| 34 |
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| 35 |
M Lillemo, C F Morris. A leucine to proline mutation in Puroindoline b is frequently present in hard wheats from Northern Europe. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2000, 100(7): 1100–1107
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| 36 |
C F Morris, M Lillemo, M C Simeone, M J Giroux, S L Babb, K K Kidwell. Prevalence of Puroindoline grain hardness genotypes among historically significant North American spring and winter wheats. Crop Science, 2001, 41(1): 218–228
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| 37 |
F Chen, Z He, X Xia, M Lillemo, C F Morris. A new Puroindoline b mutation present in Chinese winter wheat cultivar Jingdong 11. Journal of Cereal Science, 2005, 42(2): 267–269
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| 38 |
Z H He, F Chen, X C Xia, L Q Xia, X Y Zhang, M Lillemo, C F. Morris Molecular and biochemical characterization of Puroindoline A and B alleles in Chinese improved cultivars and landraces. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Wheat Conference, Mar del Plata. Argentina: Springer, 2005, 441–448
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L Xia, F Chen, Z He, X Chen, C F Morris. Occurrence of Puroindoline alleles in Chinese winter wheats. Cereal Chemistry, 2005, 82(1): 38–43
https://doi.org/10.1094/CC-82-0038
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| 40 |
F Chen, Z H He, X C Xia, L Q Xia, X Y Zhang, M Lillemo, C F Morris. Molecular and biochemical characterization of Puroindoline a and b alleles in Chinese landraces and historical cultivars. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2006, 112(3): 400–409
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pmid: 16344983
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| 41 |
Z H He, F Chen, X C Xia, L Q Xia, X Y Zhang, M Lillemo, C F. Morris Molecular and biochemical characterization of Puroindoline A and B alleles in Chinese improved cultivars and landraces. In: Buck H T, Hisi J E, Saloman N, eds. Wheat Production in Stressed Environments. The Netherlands: Springer, 2007, 441–448
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| 42 |
H Tanaka, C F Morris, M Haruna, H Tsujimoto. Prevalence of Puroindoline alleles in wheat varieties from eastern Asia including the discovery of a new SNP in Puroindoline b. Plant Genetic Resources, 2008, 6(2): 142–152
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| 43 |
A N Massa, C F Morris, B S Gill. Sequence diversity of Puroindoline-a, Puroindoline-b and the grain softness protein genes in Aegilops tauschii Coss. Crop Science, 2004, 44(5): 1808–1816
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| 44 |
I Pasha, F M Anjum, C F Morris. Grain hardness: a major determinant of wheat quality. Food Science & Technology International, 2010, 16(6): 511–522
https://doi.org/10.1177/1082013210379691
pmid: 21339167
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C F Morris, M Bhave. Reconciliation of D-genome Puroindoline allele designations with current DNA sequence data. Journal of Cereal Science, 2008, 48(2): 277–287
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2007.09.012
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C F Morris, G E King. Registration of hard kernel Puroindoline allele near-isogenic line hexaploid wheat genetic stocks. Journal of Plant Registrations, 2008, 2(1): 67–68
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K R Gedye, C F Morris, A D Bettge. Determination and evaluation of the sequence and textural effects of the Puroindoline a and Puroindoline b genes in a population of synthetic hexaploid wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2004, 109(8): 1597–1603
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-004-1788-4
pmid: 15448897
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| 48 |
J D Boehm Jr, M I Ibba, A M Kiszonas, D R See, D Z Skinner, C F Morris. Identification of genotyping-by-sequencing sequence tags associated with milling performance and end-use quality traits in elite hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Cereal Science, 2017, 77: 73–83
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| 49 |
J D Boehm Jr, M I Ibba, A M Kiszonas, D R See, D Z Skinner, C F Morris. Genetic analysis of kernel texture (grain hardness) in a hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) bi-parental population. Journal of Cereal Science, 2018, 79: 57–65
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2017.09.015
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| 50 |
C F Morris, J Casper, A M Kiszonas, E P Fuerst, J Murray, M C Simeone, D Lafiandra. Soft kernel durum wheat—a new bakery ingredient? Cereal Foods World, 2015, 60(2): 76–83
https://doi.org/10.1094/CFW-60-2-0076
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| 51 |
C F Morris, M C Simeone, G E King, D Lafiandra. Transfer of soft kernel texture from Triticum aestivum to durum wheat, Triticum turgidum ssp. durum. Crop Science, 2011, 51: 114–122
https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2010.05.0306
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| 52 |
J D Boehm Jr, M Zhang, X Cai, C F Morris. Molecular and cytogenetic characterization of the 5DS-5BS chromosome translocation conditioning soft kernel texture in durum wheat. Plant Genome, 2017, 10(3): 1–11
https://doi.org/10.3835/plantgenome2017.04.0031
pmid: 29293810
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| 53 |
M Lillemo, M Cosimo Simeone, C F Morris. Analysis of Puroindoline a and b sequences from Triticum aestivum cv. ‘Penawawa’ and related diploid taxa. Euphytica, 2002, 126(3): 321–331
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019908325078
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M Simeone, K R Gedye, R Mason-Gamer, B S Gill, C F Morris. Conserved regulatory elements identified from a comparative Puroindoline gene sequence survey of Triticum and Aegilops diploid taxa. Journal of Cereal Science, 2006, 44(1): 21–33
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2006.02.002
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J M Martin, F D Meyer, C F Morris, M J Giroux. Pilot scale milling characteristics of transgenic isolines of a hard wheat over-expressing Puroindolines. Crop Science, 2007, 47(2): 495–504
https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2006.05.0342
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J Zhang, J M Martin, B Beecher, C F Morris, L Curtis Hannah, M J Giroux. Seed-specific expression of the wheat Puroindoline genes improves maize wet milling yields. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 2009, 7(8): 733–743
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7652.2009.00438.x
pmid: 19702647
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K Krishnamurthy, M J Giroux. Expression of wheat Puroindoline genes in transgenic rice enhances grain softness. Nature Biotechnology, 2001, 19(2): 162–166
https://doi.org/10.1038/84435
pmid: 11175732
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L Xia, H Geng, X Chen, Z He, M Lillemo, C F Morris. Silencing of Puroindoline a alters the kernel texture in transgenic bread wheat. Journal of Cereal Science, 2008, 47(2): 331–338
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2007.04.016
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C F Morris, B S Beecher. The distal portion of the short arm of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) chromosome 5D controls endosperm vitreosity and grain hardness. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2012, 125(2): 247–254
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-012-1830-x
pmid: 22366813
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K Ammar, W E Kronstad, C F Morris. Breadmaking quality of selected durum wheat genotypes and its relationship with high molecular weight glutenin subunits, allelic variation and gluten protein polymeric composition. Cereal Chemistry, 2000, 77(2): 230–236
https://doi.org/10.1094/CCHEM.2000.77.2.230
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J C Murray, A M Kiszonas, J D Wilson, C F Morris. Effect of soft kernel texture on the milling properties of soft durum wheat. Cereal Chemistry, 2016, 93(5): 513–517
https://doi.org/10.1094/CCHEM-06-15-0136-R
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J D Boehm Jr, M I Ibba, A M Kiszonas, C F Morris. End-use quality of CIMMYT-derived soft-kernel durum wheat germplasm: I. Grain, milling and soft wheat quality. Crop Science, 2017, 57(3): 1475–1484
https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2016.09.0774
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K Heinze, A M Kiszonas, J C Murray, C F Morris, V Lullien-Pellerin. Puroindoline genes introduced into durum wheat reduce milling energy and change milling behavior similar to soft common wheats. Journal of Cereal Science, 2016, 71: 183–189
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2016.08.016
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J C Murray, A M Kiszonas, C F Morris. Influence of soft kernel texture on the flour, water absorption, rheology, and baking quality of durum wheat. Cereal Chemistry, 2017, 94(2): 215–222
https://doi.org/10.1094/CCHEM-06-16-0163-R
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E T Quayson, W Atwell, C F Morris, A Marti. Empirical rheology and pasting properties of soft-textured durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum) and hard-textured common wheat (T. aestivum). Journal of Cereal Science, 2016, 69: 252–258
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2016.03.017
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J D Boehm Jr, M I Ibba, A M Kiszonas, C F Morris. End-use quality of CIMMYT-derived soft-kernel durum wheat germplasm: II. Dough strength and pan bread quality. Crop Science, 2017, 57(3): 1485–1494
https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2016.09.0775
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J C Murray, A M Kiszonas, C F Morris. Pasta production: complexity in defining processing conditions for reference trials and quality assessment methods. Cereal Chemistry, 2017, 94(5): 791–797
https://doi.org/10.1094/CCHEM-04-17-0072-RW
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| 68 |
A M Kiszonas, D Ma, E P Fuerst, J Casper, D A Engle, C F Morris. Color characteristics of white salted, alkaline, and egg noodles prepared from Triticum aestivum L. and a soft kernel durum T. turgidum ssp. durum. Cereal Chemistry, 2018, 95(6): 747–759
https://doi.org/10.1002/cche.10090
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| 69 |
J C Murray, A M Kiszonas, C F Morris. Influence of soft kernel texture on fresh durum pasta. Journal of Food Science, 2018, 83(11): 2812–2818
https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.14363
pmid: 30320404
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| 70 |
C F Morris. Determinants of wheat noodle color. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2018, 98(14): 5171–5180
https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9134
pmid: 29770453
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| 71 |
A M Kiszonas, R Higginbotham, X M Chen, K Garland-Campbell, N A Bosque-Perez, M Pumphrey, M N Rouse, D Hole, N Wen, C F Morris. Agronomic traits in durum wheat germplasm possessing Puroindoline genes. Agronomy Journal, 2019. [Epub ahead of print] doi: 10.2134/agronj2018.08.0534
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