Strategies to reduce nutrient pollution from manure management in China

doi:10.15302/J-FASE-2019293

Front. Agr. Sci. Eng.

2020, Vol. 7

Issue (1) : 45-55 https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2019293

REVIEW

Strategies to reduce nutrient pollution from manure management in China

David R. CHADWICK^1,²(

), John R. WILLIAMS³, Yuelai LU⁴, Lin MA⁵, Zhaohai BAI⁵, Yong HOU⁶, Xinping CHEN², Thomas H. MISSELBROOK⁷

¹. School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2UW, UK
². Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
³. ADAS RSK, Boxworth, Cambridge, CB23 4NN, UK
⁴. University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
⁵. Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetic and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
⁶. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
⁷. Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Devon, EX20 2LB, UK

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Abstract

As the demand for livestock products continues to increase in China, so too does the challenge of managing increasing quantities of manure. Urgent action is needed to control point source (housing, storage and processing) and diffuse (field application) pollution and improve the utilization of manure nutrients and organic matter. Here, we review strategies to improve management at each stage of the manure management chain and at different scales. Many strategies require infrastructure investment, e.g., for containment of all manure fractions. Engineering solutions are needed to develop advanced composting systems with lower environmental footprints and design more efficient nutrient stripping technologies. At the field-scale, there is an urgent need to develop a manure nutrient recommendation system that accounts for the range of manure types, cropping systems, soils and climates throughout China. At the regional scale, coordinated planning is necessary to promote recoupling of livestock and cropping systems, and reduce nutrient accumulation in regions with little available landbank, while minimizing the risk of pollution swapping from one region to another. A range of stakeholders are needed to support the step change and innovation required to improve manure management, reduce reliance on inorganic fertilizers, and generate new business opportunities.

Keywords cropping farms livestock production manure management chain recoupling nutrient loss

Corresponding Author(s): David R. CHADWICK

Just Accepted Date: 21 November 2019 Online First Date: 16 December 2019 Issue Date: 02 March 2020

Cite this article:

David R. CHADWICK,John R. WILLIAMS,Yuelai LU, et al. Strategies to reduce nutrient pollution from manure management in China[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2020, 7(1): 45-55.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/10.15302/J-FASE-2019293
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/Y2020/V7/I1/45

Farm scale	Housing	Storage	Processing	Field application
Smallholder (TAFO)	• Containment • Remove manure frequently	• Containment • Cover manure store • Sell manure to composting factory	• Not practical	• Small-scale machinery to transport manure to own or neighbors’ land • Pay contractor to transport and spread manure • Use a manure recommendation system
Community (TAFO)	• Containment • Remove manure frequently	• Containment • Cover manure stores • Manure acidification • Sell manure to composting factory or centralized anaerobic digestion plant	• Containment • Separation • Slurry aeration • Composting solid fraction • Liquid fraction for fertigation • Poultry litter for incineration	• Small-scale machinery to transport manure to own or neighbors’ land • Pay contractor to transport and spread manure • Use a manure recommendation system
Large farm	• Containment • Remove manure frequently • Improve floor design • Dry poultry litter • Improve ventilation design • Use NH₃ scrubbers in forced ventilated housing	• Containment • Cover manure stores • Manure acidification • Sell manure to composting factory or centralized anaerobic digestion	• Containment • Separation • Slurry aeration • Composting solid fraction • Liquid fraction for fertigation • Anaerobic digestion • Poultry litter incineration	• Use own machinery to transport manure to own or neighbors’ land • Pay contractor to transport and spread manure • Contracts with local farmers to receive manures • Use a manure recommendation system
Intensive farm (CAFO)	• Containment • Remove manure frequently • Improve floor design • Dry poultry litter • Improve ventilation design • Use NH₃ scrubbers in forced ventilated housing	• Containment • Cover manure stores • Manure acidification • Sell manure to composting factory or centralized anaerobic digestion	• Containment • Separation • Composting solid fraction • Liquid fraction for fertigation • Anaerobic digestion	• Use own machinery to transport manure to own or neighboring farmers’ land • Pay contractor to transport and spread manure • Contracts with local farmers to receive manures • Transfer production to new region with available landbank • Sell own compost or liquid fraction with adequate labeling • Use a manure recommendation system
Composting factory			• Containment • Optimize aeration style, rate • Use additives to reduce NH₃ and GHG emissions	• Sell own compost or liquid fraction with adequate labeling • Use own machinery to transport compost to own or neighboring farmers’ land
Centralized AD plant			• Containment • Cover digestate and feedstock stores	• Sell digestate with adequate labeling • Use own machinery to transport digestate to own or neighboring farmers’ land

Tab.1 Management strategies for different scales of manure generation enterprises to improve nutrient retention at the different stages of the manure management chain and improve manure nutrient utilization

Fig.1 Schematic representation of strategies to conserve nutrients and reduce losses to water and air at each stage of the manure management chain in China, adapted from Chadwick^[¹⁰^], with permission from Elsevier.

Stages of management	Recommendations to improve manure management	Group affected	Enabling stakeholder groups
Stop point source pollution	Contain all manure effluent, i.e., prevent direct discharge of manure to watercourses	Community livestock farms TAFOs CAFOs Composting factories Anaerobic digestion plants	Financiers, via loans or subsidies: provincial government, central government and engineering industry
Stop point source pollution	Reduce gaseous losses (ammonia and greenhouse gases) from point sources, e.g., fit acid scrubbers, biofilters to forced-ventilation animal buildings and composting factories. Cover slurry stores.	CAFOs Composting factories Anaerobic digestion plants	Financiers, via loans or subsidies: provincial government, central government and engineering industry
Stop excessive nutrient applications	Do not apply more nutrients than can be removed in the crop	Fruit farmers Greenhouse vegetable farmers Cropping famers Paddy rice farmers	Extension officers STB programs
	Generate an ongoing database of nutrient content of typical manures and separated fractions	Community livestock farms CAFOs Composting factories Anaerobic digestion plants	Nutrient utilization researchers Commercial laboratories
	Label manure products with individual macro-nutrient contents	CAFOs Composting factories Anaerobic digestion plants	Provincial government Central government Commercial laboratories Agriculture Bureau
	Generate a market for all fractions of separated manures, e.g., fertigation of high N availability (low P) liquid fraction	TAFOs Community livestock farms CAFOs Composting factories Anaerobic digestion plants	Agriculture Engineering researchers Industry (business opportunities) Agriculture Bureau
Restore nutrient balances—field scale	Develop an integrated manure and fertilizer recommendation system	Fruit farmers Greenhouse vegetable farmers Cropping famers Paddy rice farmers	Nutrient utilization researchers Agriculture Extension Service STB programs
	Improve infrastructure for transporting manure to fields	Fruit farmers Greenhouse vegetable farmers Cropping famers Paddy rice farmers	Financiers, via loans or subsidies: provincial government, central government, financial institutions, and engineering industry Small-scale contractors CAFOs Composting factories Anaerobic digestion plants
	Improve infrastructure for spreading manure to crops	Fruit farmers Greenhouse vegetable farmers Cropping famers Paddy rice farmers	Financiers, via loans or subsidies: provincial government, central government and engineering industry Small-scale contractors CAFOs Composting factories Anaerobic digestion plants
Restore nutrient balances—at larger geographical scale	Village-county scale: Promote transfer of manure from enterprises that generate manure to farmers that can utilize the manure, i.e., promote recoupling of livestock and cropping systems	Community livestock farms CAFOs Composting factories Anaerobic digestion plants Cropping farmers Fruit farmers Greenhouse vegetable farmers Paddy rice farmers	Local planning authorities Provincial government Financiers, via loans or subsidies Engineering Industry Small-scale contractors Agriculture Bureau STB programs Nutrient utilization researchers
Restore nutrient balances—at larger geographical scale	Province-national scale: Develop a coordinated approach to nutrient planning through siting new livestock production enterprises in regions with adequate landbank - Link with policies to improve water and air quality - Ensure adequate infrastructure to limit point source pollution in new zones of production	CAFOs Composting factories Anaerobic digestion plants Cropping farmers Fruit farmers Greenhouse vegetable farmers Paddy rice farmers	Regional planners Provincial government National government Financers, via loans or subsidies Nutrient utilization researchers

Tab.2 Recommendations for the staged improvement of manure management in China indicating the groups affected and the stakeholders needed to generate the enabling environment and innovation to achieve the significant step change required

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