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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering

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Front. Agr. Sci. Eng.    2020, Vol. 7 Issue (3) : 317-328    https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2020346
REVIEW
Rhizosphere immunity: targeting the underground for sustainable plant health management
Zhong WEI1, Ville-Petri FRIMAN1,2, Thomas POMMIER1,3, Stefan GEISEN1,4, Alexandre JOUSSET1,5(), Qirong SHEN1()
1. Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-Based Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
2. Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
3. Ecologie Microbienne, UMR1418, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), University Lyon I, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
4. Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research, 6700ES Wageningen, the Netherlands
5. Institute of Environmental Biology, Ecology and Biodiversity, Utrecht University, 3584CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Abstract

Managing plant health is a great challenge for modern food production and is further complicated by the lack of common ground between the many disciplines involved in disease control. Here we present the concept of rhizosphere immunity, in which plant health is considered as an ecosystem level property emerging from networks of interactions between plants, microbiota and the surrounding soil matrix. These interactions can potentially extend the innate plant immune system to a point where the rhizosphere immunity can fulfil all four core functions of a full immune system: pathogen prevention, recognition, response and homeostasis. We suggest that considering plant health from a meta-organism perspective will help in developing multidisciplinary pathogen management strategies that focus on steering the whole plant-microbe-soil networks instead of individual components. This might be achieved by bringing together the latest discoveries in phytopathology, microbiome research, soil science and agronomy to pave the way toward more sustainable and productive agriculture.
Keywords rhizosphere      soil microbiome      plant immunity      microbial ecology      plant health      soilborne pathogens     
Corresponding Author(s): Alexandre JOUSSET,Qirong SHEN   
Just Accepted Date: 11 June 2020   Online First Date: 13 July 2020    Issue Date: 28 July 2020
 Cite this article:   
Zhong WEI,Ville-Petri FRIMAN,Thomas POMMIER, et al. Rhizosphere immunity: targeting the underground for sustainable plant health management[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2020, 7(3): 317-328.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/10.15302/J-FASE-2020346
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/Y2020/V7/I3/317
Fig.1  Overview of the components of the rhizosphere immunity. (a) The rhizosphere can be considered to be a meta-organism encompassing interactions between the plant, microbiome, pathogen and the surrounding soil matrix. Each of these components can exert independent (b) and interactive effects on plant health (c), making rhizosphere immunity an emerging property of the whole agricultural ecosystem.
Fig.2  Mechanistic contributions of the rhizosphere components (plant, soil and microbiome) to the key functions associated with immunity of the rhizosphere system. In reference to the medical definition of immunity, these traits are classified into pathogen prevention, pathogen detection, response to pathogen presence and rhizosphere homeostasis.
Fig.3  Rhizosphere immunity can combine several reported mechanisms underlying plant resistance into a whole system approach. (a) Breeding or engineering pathogen resistance into the plant genome can give plants the ability to directly suppress or defend against pathogens; (b) soil suppressiveness, the natural ability of soils to constrain pathogen growth and prevent disease onset, has been consistently linked to direct inhibition of pathogens by soil-dwelling microorganisms; (c) in the “cry for help” hypothesis, plants respond to the presence of a pathogen by actively recruiting microorganisms that directly inhibit pathogens or have positive effects on the activation of plant innate immunity; (d) in the soil immunity hypothesis, pathogen presence triggers changes in the soil structure that can shift the composition of the microbiome toward a more suppressive configuration.
Fig.4  Integration of rhizosphere immunity in plant disease management. In addition to researchers and scientists, it is important to bring together industrial stakeholders, end-users, legal partners and policymakers. Efficient exchange of knowledge and new multidisciplinary collaborations may be achieved through interdisciplinary conferences, workshops and funding calls and development of common terminology and language. Issues related to intellectual property and legal framework also need to be considered to better understand the practical limitations from the academic, industrial and end-user perspective at local and global levels.
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