Please wait a minute...
Shopping Cart Email List Chinese
Advanced Search Fig/Tab
Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering

ISSN 2095-7505

ISSN 2095-977X(Online)

CN 10-1204/S

Postal Subscription Code 80-906

Featured Articles  |  Most Downloaded  |  Most Reading
Online Submission Subscribe to Our RSS Content Feed
Front. Agr. Sci. Eng.    2021, Vol. 8 Issue (1) : 45-57    https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2020369
REVIEW
POLICIES AND REGULATIONS FOR PROMOTING MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN CHINA: A REVIEW
Sha WEI1, Zhiping ZHU1, Jing ZHAO2, David R. CHADWICK3,4, Hongmin DONG1()
1. Institute of Environmental and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
2. Institute of Environmental Governance, Environmental Development Center of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Beijing 100029, China.
3. School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK.
4. Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
 Download: PDF(508 KB)   HTML
 Export: BibTeX | EndNote | Reference Manager | ProCite | RefWorks
Abstract

• Manure utilization is hindered by separate specialist crop and livestock production systems.

• Improving manure utilization requires organizations for manure exchange.

• Policies and action plans for improving manure utilization are critically reviewed.

• A manure chain approach with third-party contractors is recommended.

Livestock numbers in China have more than tripled between 1980 and 2017. The increase in the number of intensive livestock production systems has created the challenges of decoupled crop and livestock systems, low utilization of manures in croplands, and subsequent environmental pollution. Correspondingly, the government has enacted a series of policies and regulations to increase the sustainability of livestock production. This paper reviews the objectives of these policies and regulations and their impacts on manure management. Since 2017 there have been two policy guides to speed up the appropriate use of manures, three action plans for increasing manure recycling, and one technical guide to calculate nutrient balances. Requirements of manure pollution control and recycling for improved environmental performance of livestock production systems were included in three revised environmental laws. Most recent survey data indicate that the utilization of livestock manures was 70% in 2017, including that used as fertilizer and/or for production of energy. The targets for manure utilization are 75% in 2020 and 90% in 2035. To achieve these targets and promote ‘green livestock production’, additional changes are needed including the use of third-party enterprises that facilitate manure exchange between farms and a more integrated manure nutrient management approach.
Keywords integrated crop and livestock production      manure utilization      policy recommendations      sustainability      third-party service contractors     
Corresponding Author(s): Hongmin DONG   
Just Accepted Date: 27 November 2020   Online First Date: 28 December 2020    Issue Date: 29 March 2021
 Cite this article:   
Sha WEI,Zhiping ZHU,Jing ZHAO, et al. POLICIES AND REGULATIONS FOR PROMOTING MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN CHINA: A REVIEW[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2021, 8(1): 45-57.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/10.15302/J-FASE-2020369
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/Y2021/V8/I1/45
Item 1980 2000 2008 2018
Farms matching proportion of manure facilitiesa (%) – <20e 63 80f
Percentage of manure comprehensive utilizationb (%) – – – 74f
Percentage of nutrients applied to croplands derived from manures (%) 47.1c 30.6c 23.6d –
Tab.1  Changes in the utilization of livestock manures in China from 1980 to 2018
Year Names of policies, laws and regulations Objectives/Targets Implementation level
2001 Administrative Measures for Prevention and Control of Livestock Pollution (No. 9 of EPA) • Environmental protection plan
• Discharge license		 National implemented
2005 Animal Husbandry Law of the People’s Republic of China—Revised in 2015 Managing livestock production according to law National implemented
2014 The Regulation on the Prevention and Control of Pollution from Large-scale Livestock and Poultry Operations • Designated prohibited area
• Economic incentives		 Implemented
2015 Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China Implementation of discharge license Implemented at intensive farm
Tab.2  Government laws, regulations, policies and actions in China aimed at promoting the sustainable development of livestock production until 2015
Year Names of policies, laws and regulations Objectives/Targets Implementation level
2017 Policy Guidance on Accelerating the Resource Utilization of Animal Manure (2017 No.48) Comprehensive utilization rate of livestock manure is planned to reach over 75% by 2020 High degree of realization
2017 Policy Guidance on the System and Mechanism of Innovating and Promoting the Green Development of Agriculture Determine the calculation principle of farm scale by manure application requirement Medium degree of realization
2018 Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution—Revised in 2018 Discharged limits of livestock is 300 mg·L−1 for COD and 30 mg·L−1 Kjeldahl N Medium degree of realization due to the lack of technical specifications
2018 Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution—Revised in 2018 Odor control –
2018 Specification for the Construction of Facilities for the Manure Resource Utilization in Livestock Farms (2018 No.2) To standardize the volume of farm manure storage facilities Implemented
2019 Guiding Opinions on Promoting the Land Application of Livestock Manure and Strengthening the Pollution Control according to Law (2019 No.84) The targets for manure utilization are 80% in 2025 and 90% in 2035 Just started
Tab.3  Government laws, regulations, policies and actions in China aimed at promoting the sustainable development of livestock production implemented after 2015
Fig.1  Seven typical technological modes of manure management for large-scale land-less livestock farms in China. Source: MARA[26].
Year Names of actions Objectives/Targets Implementation level
2015 Action Plan for Water Pollution Control Closed or relocated the livestock farm in prohibited areas Over 0.26 million livestock farms were closed or relocated by 2019
2017 Action Plan for the Recycling (Field Application) Livestock Manure (2017–2020) • Comprehensive utilization rate of livestock manure is planned to reach over 75% by 2020
• The matching rate of manure treatment facilities in large-scale farms reached more than 95%		 High degree of realization. and basically achieved
2017 Action Plan for Replacing Chemical Fertilizer with Organic Fertilizer on Fruits, Vegetables and Tea • Reduce chemical fertilizer by > 20% by 2020
• The organic matter content of fruit, tea and vegetable soil reached 1.2%, 1.2% and more than 2% by 2020, respectively		 High degree of realization. and basically achieved
2017 Work Plan for Promoting the Whole County’s Utilization of Livestock Manure (2018–2020) Select more than 200 large livestock counties to matching the target in 2020 High degree of realization and basically achieved
2018 Technical Guideline for the Calculation of the Land’s Capacity to Receive Livestock Manure (2018 No.1) Develop the calculation method of land capacity of manure on regional and farm level based on the nutrient balance Low degree of realization due to the lack of technical guidelines
Tab.4  Actions in China for promoting the sustainable development of livestock production
Item Size of livestock farm
Households and small farms Medium and large farms Huge livestock company
Organization modes of linking crop and livestock production Linking crop and livestock production through farmer cooperatives Linking crop and livestock production through specialized service (e.g., contractors, manure treatment center) On-farm crop and livestock integration through renting additional cropland and investing manure treatment facilities
Key role of different production sectors to realize the organizational modes Government • Village or town set up the cooperatives
• Invest equipment for manure transportation and application
• Provide technical guidance and sampling inspection on the manure use and effect		 – –
Livestock sector Establish manure storage facilities Sign an agreement with a third-party specialized service organization • Built industrial waste treatment plant to generating renewable energy, heat and fuel, and organic fertilizer
• Rent agricultural land for manure application
Crop sector Receive manure application for free Buy manure from third-party specialized service organization Charge land rents from livestock company
Manure application Cooperative is responsible for manure transporting and returning to the field and establishing application records Third-party specialized service organization is responsible for manure storage, transporting and land application Livestock company is responsible for manure transporting and land application
Tab.5  Linking crop and livestock production, as a function of livestock farm size?[42?]?
1 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). World Livestock: transforming the livestock sector through the Sustainable Development Goals. Rome: FAO, 2018
2 A Mottet, F Teillard, P Boettcher, G De’ Besi, B Besbes. Domestic herbivores and food security: current contribution, trends and challenges for a sustainable development. Animal, 2018, 12(S2): s188–s198
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731118002215 pmid: 30215340
3 N Alexandratos, J Bruinsma. World agriculture towards 2030/2050: the 2012 revision. Rome: FAO, 2012
4 Z Bai, W Ma, L Ma, G L Velthof, Z Wei, P Havlík, O Oenema, M R F Lee, F Zhang. China’s livestock transition: Driving forces, impacts, and consequences. Science Advances, 2018, 4(7): eaar8534
https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aar8534 pmid: 30035221
5 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Statistical Database, Rome: FAO, 2017
6 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Statistical Database, Rome: FAO, 1980
7 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China (MARA). China Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Yearbook. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2018 (in Chinese)
8 H M Dong. Manual for manure pollution accounting methodology and discharge coefficients of livestock production. Beijing: Science Press, 2019 (in Chinese)
9 S Wei, Z H Bai, D R Chadwick, Y Hou, W Qin, Z Q Zhao, R F Jiang, L Ma. Greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions and mitigation options from livestock production in peri-urban agriculture: Beijing—A case study. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018, 178: 515–525
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.257
10 S R S Dangal, H Tian, B Zhang, S Pan, C Lu, J Yang. Methane emission from global livestock sector during 1890–2014: magnitude, trends and spatiotemporal patterns. Global Change Biology, 2017, 23(10): 4147–4161
https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13709 pmid: 28370720
11 Z Bai, L Ma, S Jin, W Ma, G L Velthof, O Oenema, L Liu, D Chadwick, F Zhang. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium flows through the manure management chain in China. Environmental Science & Technology, 2016, 50(24): 13409–13418
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b03348 pmid: 27993054
12 M Herrero, P K Thornton. Livestock and global change: emerging issues for sustainable food systems. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013, 110(52): 20878–20881
13 X Liu, L Duan, J Mo, E Du, J Shen, X Lu, Y Zhang, X Zhou, C He, F Zhang. Nitrogen deposition and its ecological impact in China: an overview. Environmental Pollution, 2011, 159(10): 2251–2264
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.08.002 pmid: 20828899
14 J H Guo, X J Liu, Y Zhang, J L Shen, W X Han, W F Zhang, P Christie, K W T Goulding, P M Vitousek, F S Zhang. Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands. Science, 2010, 327(5968): 1008–1010
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1182570 pmid: 20150447
15 H Menzi, O Oenema, C Burton, O Shipin, P Gerber. Impacts of intensive livestock production and manure management on the environment. In: Steinfeld H, Mooney H, Schneider F, Neville L E, eds. Livestock in a changing landscape: drivers, consequences and responses. Washington, DC, USA: Island Press, 2010
16 C Basset-Mens, H M G van der Werf, P Robin, Th Morvan, M Hassouna, J M Paillat, F Vertès. Methods and data for the environmental inventory of contrasting pig production systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2007, 15(15): 1395–1405
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.03.009
17 Y N Kang, M X Liu, Y Song, X Huang, H Yao, X H Cai, H H Zhang, L Kang, X J Liu, X Y Yan, H He, Q Zhang, M Shao, T Zhu. High-resolution ammonia emissions inventories in China from 1980 to 2012. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2016, 16(4): 2043–2058
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2043-2016
18 C G Brown, S A Waldron, J F Wilkins. Specialization and intensification of farming systems in Western China: the case of dairy farmers in Tibet. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 2017, 7(1): 69–80
https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-04-2015-0022
19 D R Chadwick, W Jia, Y A Tong, G H Yu, Q R Shen, Q Chen. Improving manure nutrient management towards sustainable agricultural intensification in China. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2015, 209: 34–46
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.03.025
20 R Naylor, H Steinfeld, W Falcon, J Galloway, V Smil, E Bradford, J Alder, H Mooney. Losing the links between livestock and land. Science, 2005, 310(5754): 1621–1622
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1117856 pmid: 16339432
21 G Lemaire, A Franzluebbers, P C F Carvalho, B Dedieu. Integrated crop–livestock systems: strategies to achieve synergy between agricultural production and environmental quality. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2014, 190: 4–8
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.08.009
22 United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). National pollutant discharge elimination system permit regulation and effluent limitation guidelines and standards for Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs). 2003. Available at USEPA website on February 10, 2020
23 United States General Accounting Office (USGAO). Animal agriculture: waste management practices. 1999. Available at USGAO website on November 20, 2019
24 European Commission (EC). Council Directive Concerning the Protection of Waters Against Pollution Caused by Nitrates from Agricultural Sources (91/676/EEC). 1991. Available at EC website on April 20, 2020
25 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China (MARA), Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China (MEE). Guidance opinions on promoting the manure land application and strengthening the pollution control of livestock production according to law. Available at MARA and MEE website on December 19, 2019 (in Chinese)
26 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China (MARA). Action plan for the recycling use of livestock manure (2017–2020). Available at MARA website on July 7, 2017 (in Chinese)
27 The State Council (SC). Opinions on accelerating the use of livestock wastes. Available at SC website on June 12, 2017 (in Chinese)
28 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China (MARA). Construction plan for demonstration project of crop and livestock combined with circular agriculture (2017–2020). Available at MARA website on August 15, 2017 (in Chinese)
29 X M Yang, Y C Xu, Q W Huang, M Xu, Y H Liang, J Hu, W Ran, Q R Shen. Organic-like fertilizers and its relation to sustainable development of agriculture and protection of eco-environment. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2008, 45: 925–932 (in Chinese)
30 Z Bai, J Lu, H Zhao, G L Velthof, O Oenema, D Chadwick, J R Williams, S Jin, H Liu, M Wang, M Strokal, C Kroeze, C Hu, L Ma. Designing vulnerable zones of nitrogen and phosphorus transfers to control water pollution in China. Environmental Science & Technology, 2018, 52(16): 8987–8988
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02651 pmid: 30059205
31 National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBS). Main Data Bulletin of the third National Agricultural Census (No.2). Available at SC website on December 14, 2017 (in Chinese)
32 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China (MARA). Technical Guideline for the calculation of the land’s capacity to receive livestock manure. Available at MARA website on January 22, 2018 (in Chinese)
33 F A Nicholson, A Bhogal, D R Chadwick, E Gill, R D Gooday, E Lord, T Misselbrook, A J Rollett, E Sagoo, K A Smith, R E Thorman, J R Williams, B J Chambers. An enhanced software tool to support better use of manure nutrients: MANNER-NPK. Soil Use and Management, 2013, 29(4): 473–484
https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12078
34 C L Thomas, G E Acquah, A P Whitmore, S P McGrath, S M Haefele. The effect of different organic fertilizers on yield and soil and crop nutrient concentrations. Agronomy, 2019, 9(12): 776
https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120776
35 R H Follett, D G Westfall, R L Croissant. Utilization of animal manure as fertilizer. Colorado State University Cooperative Extension Bulletin 552A, 1992
36 X Zhang, Q Fang, T Zhang, W Ma, G L Velthof, Y Hou, O Oenema, F Zhang. Benefits and trade-offs of replacing synthetic fertilizers by animal manures in crop production in China: a meta-analysis. Global Change Biology, 2020, 26(2): 888–900
https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14826 pmid: 31495039
37 L Xia, S K Lam, X Yan, D Chen. How does recycling of livestock manure in agroecosystems affect crop productivity, reactive nitrogen losses and soil carbon balance? Environmental Science & Technology, 2017, 51(13): 7450–7457
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b06470 pmid: 28574704
38 X Z Han, F X Wand, F J Wand, W X Zou. Effects of long-term organic manure application on crop yield and fertility of black soil. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2010, 28(1): 66–71 (in Chinese)
39 L M Risse, M L Cabrera, A J Franzluebbers, J W Gaskin, J E Gilley, R Killorn, D E Radcliffe, W E Tollner, H Zhang. Land application of manure for beneficial reuse. In: Sobsey M D, Khatib L A, Hill V R, Alocilja E, Pillai S, eds. Animal agriculture and the environment: National Center for Manure and Animal Waste Management white papers. St. Joseph: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2006, 283–316
40 R J Haynes, R Naidu. Influence of lime, fertilizer and manure applications on soil organic matter content and soil physical conditions: a review. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 1998, 51(2): 123–137
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009738307837
41 B A Stewart. Effect of animal manure on soil physical and chemical properties. In: Blake J, Donald J, Magette W, eds. National Livestock, Poultry and Aquaculture Waste Management. Kansas City, MO; St. Joeseph, MI: ASAE, 1991, 29–31
42 H M Dong, L L Zuo, S Wei, Z P Zhu, F B Yin. Establish manure nutrient management plan to promote green development of integrated crop-livestock production system. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences: Sustainable Development of Animal Husbandry, 2019, 34(2): 180–189 (in Chinese)
43 Standardization Administration of China (SA). Control standards for pollutants in sludge from agricultural use GB/T 4284–2018. Beijing: China National Standardization Committee, 2018 (in Chinese)
44 W Y Xie, Q Shen, F J Zhao. Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance from animal manures to soil: a review. European Journal of Soil Science, 2018, 69(1): 181–195
45 J Wang, J Z Han. Effects of heavy metals and antibiotics on soil and vegetables. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2008, 24(4): 90–93 (in Chinese)
46 W X Jia, J Wen, W L Xu, R Duan, X B Zeng, L Y Bai. Content and fractionation of heavy metals in livestock manures in some urban areas of China. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2016, 3(4): 764–773 (in Chinese)
47 T J de Koeijer, P W Blokland, C H G Daatselaar, J F M Helming, H H Luesink. Scenarios for soil binding: a survey of the variations within the Bill of Responsible growth dairy. Wageningen: LEI Wageningen UR (University & Research centre), 2014
48 D R Chadwick, J R Williams, Y L Lu, L Ma, Z H Bai, Y Hou, X P Chen, T H Misselbrook. Strategies to reduce nutrient pollution from manure management in China. Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering, 2020, 7(1): 45–55
https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2019293
49 D Fangueiro, J L S Pereira, S Macedo, H Trindade, E Vasconcelos, J Coutinho. Surface application of acidified cattle slurry compared to slurry injection: impact on NH3, N2O, CO2 and CH4 emissions and crop uptake. Geoderma, 2017, 306: 160–166
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.07.023
50 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Comprehensive nutrient management planning technical guidance. Available at USDA website on December 1, 2000
51 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Costs Associated with Development and Implementation of Comprehensive Nutrient Management Plans: Part I–Nutrient Management, Land Treatment, Manure and Wastewater Handling and Storage, and Recordkeeping. Available at USDA website on 2003
52 H L Zhang, J Schrode. Animal manure production and utilization in the US. In: He Z Q, Zhang H L, eds. Applied manure and nutrient chemistry for sustainable agriculture and environment. LA: USDA-ARS, 2014, 1–21
53 Y Hou, G L Velthof, J P Lesschen, I G Staritsky, O Oenema. Nutrient recovery and emissions of ammonia, nitrous oxide, and methane from animal manure in europe: effects of manure treatment technologies. Environmental Science & Technology, 2017, 51(1): 375–383
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b04524 pmid: 27997150
54 S X Zhang. Issues on utilization of domestic organic fertilizer resources and its counter measure. Phosphate & Compound Fertilizer, 2001, 16(1): 8–11 (in Chinese)
55 X S Niu, X T Ju. Organic fertilizer resources and utilization in China. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2017, 23(6): 1462–1479 (in Chinese)
56 Environmental Protection Administration (EPA). Investigation and pollution control of intensive livestock industry in China. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 2002 (in Chinese)
57 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China (MARA). Key points of resource use of livestock waste in 2019. Available at MARA website on November 4, 2019 (in Chinese)
58 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Statistical Database. Rome: FAO, 1997
59 Y Hou, S Wei, W Q Ma, M Roelcke, R Nieder, S L Shi, J C Wu, F S Zhang. Changes in nitrogen and phosphorus flows and losses in agricultural systems of three megacities of China, 1990–2014. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2018, 139: 64–75
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.07.030
60 Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China (MEE). GB 18596–2001 Discharge standard of pollutants for livestock and poultry breeding. Beijing: China Standards Press, 2001 (in Chinese)
61 H Steinfeld, P Gerber, T Wassenaar, V Castel, M Rosales, C Haan. Livestock’s Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). CABI, 2006
62 United Nations (UN). Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. 2015. Available at UN website on October 21 2015
63 The State Council (SC). Regulation on prevention and control of pollution from large-scale livestock production. Available at SC website on November 11, 2013 (in Chinese)
64 Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress (SCNPC). Environmental Protection Law of China. Available at SCNPC website on April 25, 2018 (in Chinese)
65 Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress (SCNPC). Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution. Available at SCNPC website on October 26, 2018 (in Chinese)
66 Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress (SCNPC). Law of the People’s Republic of China on Water Pollution Control. Available at SCNPC website on June 27, 2017 (in Chinese)
67 Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China (MEE). GB 8978–1996 Integrated wastewater discharge standard. Beijing: China Standards Press, 1996 (in Chinese)
68 Z H Bai, S Q Jin, Y Wu, E zu Ermgassen, O Oenema, D Chadwick, L Lassaletta, G Velthof, J Zhao, L Ma. China’s pig relocation in balance. Nature Sustainability, 2019, 2(10): 888
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0391-2
69 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China (MARA) and Ministry of Finance (MOF). Notice on the implementation of livestock and poultry manure resources utilization project. Available at MARA website on June 1, 2017 (in Chinese)
70 National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China (MARA). Work plan for the project of livestock manure resources use on county level. Available at NDRC website on August 1, 2017 (in Chinese)
71 Ministry of agriculture and rural areas (MARA) and Ministry of Finance (MOF). Notice on resource use of livestock manure in 2020. Available at MARA and MOF website on July 3, 2020
72 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China (MARA). Action Plan for Organic Fertilizer Replacement Fertilizer for Fruit Vegetable Tea. Available at MARA and MOF website on February 8, 2017 (in Chinese)
73 State Council (SC). National Agricultural Modernization Plan (2016–2020). Available at SC website on October 17, 2016
74 A de Moraes, P C F Carvalho, I Anghinoni, S B C Lustosa, S E V G A Costa, T R Kunrath. Integrated crop–livestock systems in the Brazilian subtropics. European Journal of Agronomy, 2014, 57: 4–9
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2013.10.004
75 J L Peyraud, M Taboada, L Delaby. Integrated crop and livestock systems in Western Europe and South America: a review. European Journal of Agronomy, 2014, 57: 31–42
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2014.02.005
76 L W Bell, A D Moore. Integrated crop–livestock systems in Australian agriculture: trends, drivers and implications. Agricultural Systems, 2012, 111: 1–12
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2012.04.003
77 K Hilimire. Integrated crop/livestock agriculture in the United States: a review. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 2011, 35(4): 376–393
https://doi.org/10.1080/10440046.2011.562042
78 F J Hou, Z B Nan, Y Z Xie, X L Li, H L Lin, J Z Ren. Integrated crop-livestock production systems in China. Rangeland Journal, 2008, 30(2): 221–231
https://doi.org/10.1071/RJ08018
[1] Shuai ZHANG, Xin WU, Dandan HAN, Yong HOU, Jianzhuang TAN, Sung Woo KIM, Defa LI, Yulong YIN, Junjun WANG. PORK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN CHINA: A REVIEW OF THEIR DEVELOPMENT, CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS IN GREEN PRODUCTION[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2021, 8(1): 15-24.
[2] Mahmood ul HASSAN, Xin WEN, Jiuliang XU, Jiahui ZHONG, Xuexian LI. Development and challenges of green food in China[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2020, 7(1): 56-66.
[3] William J. DAVIES, Susan E. WARD, Alan WILSON. Can crop science really help us to produce more better-quality food while reducing the world-wide environmental footprint of agriculture?[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2020, 7(1): 28-44.
[4] Yuheng LI,Guoming DU,Yansui LIU. Transforming the Loess Plateau of China[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2016, 3(3): 181-185.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited
  Shared   
  Discussed