REINTEGRATION OF CROP-LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS IN EUROPE: AN OVERVIEW

doi:10.15302/J-FASE-2020373

Front. Agr. Sci. Eng.

2021, Vol. 8

Issue (1) : 111-129 https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2020373

REVIEW

REINTEGRATION OF CROP-LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS IN EUROPE: AN OVERVIEW

Antonius G. T. SCHUT¹(

), Emily C. COOLEDGE², Marc MORAINE³, Gerrie W. J. VAN DE VEN¹, Davey L. JONES^2,⁴, David R. CHADWICK^2,⁵

¹. Plant Production Systems, Wageningen University, 6700 AK Wageningen, the Netherlands.
². School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK.
³. UMR 0951 INNOVATION, French National Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Montpellier, France.
⁴. SoilsWest, UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
⁵. Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.

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Abstract

• ICLS combines the benefits of specialization with increased resilience of the system.

• Clear opportunities but also barriers for ICLS were observed.

• ICLS need to be embedded within future environmental legislation.

• ICLS systems with a range of intensities are needed to support a biodiverse landscape.

Ongoing specialization of crop and livestock systems provides socioeconomic benefits to the farmer but has led to greater externalization of environmental costs when compared to mixed farming systems. Better integration of crop and livestock systems offers great potential to rebalance the economic and environmental trade-offs in both systems. The aims of this study were to analyze changes in farm structure and review and evaluate the potential for reintegrating specialized intensive crop and livestock systems, with specific emphasis on identifying the co-benefits and barriers to reintegration. Historically, animals were essential to recycle nutrients in the farming system but this became less important with the availability of synthetic fertilisers. Although mixed farm systems can be economically attractive, benefits of scale combined with socio-economic factors have resulted in on-farm and regional specialization with negative environmental impacts. Reintegration is therefore needed to reduce nutrient surpluses at farm, regional and national levels, and to improve soil quality in intensive cropping systems. Reintegration offers practical and cost-effective options to widen crop rotations and promotes the use of organic inputs and associated benefits, reducing dependency on synthetic fertilisers, biocides and manure processing costs. Circular agriculture goes beyond manure management and requires adaptation of both food production and consumption patterns, matching local capacity to produce with food demand. Consequently, feed transport, greenhouse gas emissions, nutrient surpluses and nutrient losses to the environment can be reduced. It is concluded that reintegration of specialized farms within a region can provide benefits to farmers but may also lead to further intensification of land use. New approaches within a food system context offer alternatives for reintegration, but require strong policy incentives which show clear, tangible and lasting benefits for farmers, the environment and the wider community.

Keywords circular agriculture coupled farming systems mixed farming specialised farming systems GHG

Corresponding Author(s): Antonius G. T. SCHUT

Just Accepted Date: 31 December 2020 Online First Date: 03 February 2021 Issue Date: 29 March 2021

Cite this article:

Antonius G. T. SCHUT,Emily C. COOLEDGE,Marc MORAINE, et al. REINTEGRATION OF CROP-LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS IN EUROPE: AN OVERVIEW[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2021, 8(1): 111-129.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/10.15302/J-FASE-2020373
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/Y2021/V8/I1/111

Fig.1 Change in specialized and mixed farm types in selected western and eastern EU countries in 2005 and 2016, in western (EU west) and eastern Europe (EU east). Here, EU west comprises Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Spain, Portugal and the UK; and EU east is composed of Austria, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia. Source from eurostate^[⁴¹^]. Database: ef_m_farmleg.

Fig.2 Change in farm size in selected western and eastern EU countries in 2005 and 2016, in western (EU west) and eastern Europe (EU east) as in Fig. 1. Source from eurostate^[⁴¹^]. Database: ef_m_farmleg.

Fig.3 Farms within the EU-10 in 2016 by type of specialization, as % of total farms for each crop and animal category (outer ring) and when grouped into specialized crop and livestock farms and mixed farms (inner ring). Here, EU-10 comprises Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Germany, Luxembourg, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands and the UK. Source from eurostate^[⁴¹^]. Database: ef_m_farmleg.

Tab.1 Key characteristics of specialized and mixed farming systems involving crop production and dairy production, maximizing regional labor income in Flevoland, the Netherlands based on Bos^[⁵⁹^]

Tab.2 Number of positive, neutral and negative impacts of livestock in various cropping systems in selected case studies

Fig.4 Social barriers and opportunities of coupled and integrated crop-livestock systems^[¹⁰⁵^,¹¹⁰^–¹¹³^].

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