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Front. Agr. Sci. Eng.    2021, Vol. 8 Issue (1) : 130-147    https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2020376
RESEARCH ARTICLE
INTENSIFICATION OF GRASSLAND-BASED DAIRY PRODUCTION AND ITS IMPACTS ON LAND, NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS USE EFFICIENCIES
Jouke OENEMA1(), Oene OENEMA2
1. Wageningen Plant Research, Agrosystems Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
2. Wageningen Environmental Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Abstract

• Monitoring data of>5000 dairy farms collected and examined in uniform manner.

• Environmental performances of farms influenced by government regulations.

• N and P surpluses at farm level remained about constant with intensity level.

• N and P use efficiencies at farm, herd and soil increased with intensity level.

• Accounting for externalization of off-farm feed production affects NUE and PUE.

• Ammonia emissions per kg milk decreased with the level of intensification.

Many grassland-based dairy farms are intensifying production, i.e., produce more milk per ha of land in response to the increasing demand for milk (by about 2% per year) in a globalized market. However, intensive dairy farming has been implicated for its resources use, ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions, and eutrophication impacts. This paper addresses the question of how the intensity of dairy production relates to N and P surpluses and use efficiencies on farms subjected to agri-environmental regulations. Detailed monitoring data were analyzed from 2858 grassland-based dairy farms in The Netherlands for the year 2015. The farms produced on average 925 Mg·yr−1 milk. Milk production per ha ranged from<10 to>30 Mg·ha−1·yr−1. Purchased feed and manure export strongly increased with the level of intensification. Surpluses of N and P at farm level remained constant and ammonia emissions per kg milk decreased with the level of intensification. In conclusion, N and P surpluses did not differ much among dairy farms greatly differing in intensity due to legal N and P application limits and obligatory export of manure surpluses to other farms. Further, N and P use efficiencies also did not differ among dairy farms differing in intensity provided the externalization of feed production was accounted for. This paper provides lessons for proper monitoring and control of N and P cycling in dairy farming.
Keywords ammonia      externalization      feed      forage maize      front runners      manure production      milk yield      nitrogen surplus     
Corresponding Author(s): Jouke OENEMA   
Just Accepted Date: 26 January 2021   Online First Date: 02 March 2021    Issue Date: 29 March 2021
 Cite this article:   
Jouke OENEMA,Oene OENEMA. INTENSIFICATION OF GRASSLAND-BASED DAIRY PRODUCTION AND ITS IMPACTS ON LAND, NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS USE EFFICIENCIES[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2021, 8(1): 130-147.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/10.15302/J-FASE-2020376
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/Y2021/V8/I1/130
Fig.1  Box plots of indicator values per group of farms. (a) Milk production per ha of farmland; (b) milk production per cow; (c) feed import, expressed in kg protein N per ha of farmland; and (d) land area per farm. The 2858 farms were ordered in ascending order of milk production and then divided in 10 equal groups of 286 dairy farms. Boxes indicate the 25 (bottom) and 75 (top) percentile values per group of farms, the line in the box represents the medium, and the whiskers indicate the 5 and 95 percentile values.
Indicator Groups of farms, in ascending order of milk production per ha
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Milk production (Mg·ha-1) 11.1 13.4 14.5 15.5 16.4 17.5 18.6 20.2 22.7 30.0
General farm characteristics
Share of grassland (%) 82 a 85 bc 85 bc 86 c 86 bc 85 bc 85 bc 86 bc 84 b 85 bc
Total milk production (Gg·yr-1) 651 a 781 b 811 b 847 bc 909 cd 961 de 987 de 999 e 1116 f 1191 f
Milk production per cow (kg) 7589 a 8012 b 8190 c 8372 d 8482 d 8634 e 8784 f 8830 f 8894 fg 8988 g
Young stocks (number per 10 cows) 8.4 f 7.7 e 7.4 de 7.2 cd 7.1 cd 7.0 c 6.9 c 6.9 c 6.5 b 6.1 a
Grazing intensity (h·yr-1) 1061 f 974 f 847 e 756 de 657 cd 610 c 611 c 455 b 381 ab 333 a
N surplus farm (kg·ha-1·yr-1) 174 a 191 bc 188 b 196 bc 197 c 193 bc 199 cd 206 de 199 cd 208 e
N use efficiency farm (%) 34 ab 33 a 35 b 35 b 37 c 38 d 38 d 39 d 43 e 49 f
Total N output (kg·ha-1·yr-1) 102 a 113 b 128 c 143 d 159 e 175 f 193 g 227 h 276 i 432 j
N output in milk and animals (kg·ha-1·yr-1) 77 a 91 b 99 c 105 d 110 e 116 f 124 g 134 h 151 i 199 j
N output manure (kg·ha-1·yr-1) 13 a 16 ab 25 bc 33 c 42 d 52 e 65 f 89 g 119 h 225 i
N output manure (fraction of total N output) 0.10 a 0.12 b 0.17 c 0.21 d 0.24 e 0.28 f 0.31 g 0.37 h 0.41 i 0.49 j
N feed import (kg·ha-1·yr-1) 113 a 137 b 151 c 166 d 181 e 195 f 217 g 248 h 296 i 449 j
N feed import (% of total N input) 40 a 45 b 47 c 49 d 50 d 52 e 55 f 57 g 61 h 68 i
P surplus farm (kg·ha-1·yr-1) 1 g 1 fg -1 e 0 ef -1 de -3 c -2 cd -3 c -5 b -7 a
P use efficiency farm (%) 122 ab 113 a 125 abc 118 ab 125 abcd 137 cd 127 abcd 130 bcd 159 e 140 d
Total P output (kg·ha-1·yr-1) 19 a 21 b 24 c 27 d 29 e 32 f 35 g 42 h 50 i 78 j
P output in milk and animals (kg·ha-1·yr-1) 15 a 18 b 19 c 20 d 21 e 23 f 24 g 26 h 29 i 39 j
P output manure (kg·ha-1·yr-1) 2 a 3 ab 4 bc 6 cd 7 d 9 e 11 f 15 g 20 h 38 i
P output manure (fraction of total P output) 0.09 a 0.11 a 0.15 b 0.19 c 0.22 d 0.26 e 0.29 f 0.34 g 0.38 h 0.45 i
Total NH3 emissions (kg·ha-1·yr-1) 54 a 60 b 62 c 63 cd 64 de 66 ef 67 f 69 g 72 h 81 i
Total NH3 emissions (kg per Mg milk) 4.9 j 4.5 i 4.3 h 4.1 g 3.9 f 3.8 e 3.6 d 3.4 c 3.2 b 2.7 a
Tab.1  Mean farm characteristics and indicators of 2858 dairy farms in 2015
Indicator Groups of farms, in ascending order of milk production per ha
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Indicators herd management
N use efficiency herd (%) 23.3 a 23.9 b 24.1 b 24.6 c 24.8 cd 25.0 d 25.4 e 25.5 e 26.0 f 26.4 g
P use efficiency herd (%) 29.9 a 30.6 b 30.7 b 31.5 c 31.7 c 32.1 d 32.6 e 32.6 e 33.4 f 33.7 f
Feed efficiency (kg FPCM per kg DM intake) 0.98 a 1.03 b 1.05 c 1.07 d 1.08 de 1.09 e 1.11 f 1.11 f 1.13 g 1.15 h
CP content in total feed ration (g per kgDM) 158 abc 159 def 161 f 160 ef 159 cde 159 cde 158 cd 158 bc 157 ab 156 a
Share of maize in total feed ration (%) 22 ab 22 a 21 a 21 a 23 bc 23 ab 25 cd 26 d 28 e 31 f
Share of concentrates in ration (%) 25 a 27 b 28 b 29 cd 29 c 30 de 31 e 31 e 32 f 33 f
Indicators soil and crop management
N use efficiency soil (%) 67 ab 66 a 69 bcd 67 ab 68 abc 69 cde 68 abcd 67 ab 70 de 71 e
P use efficiency soil (%) 99 ab 98 a 102 bc 101 abc 104 cd 108 e 106 de 108 e 115 f 122 g
N surplus soil (kg·ha-1·yr-1) 120 a 131 bcd 124 abc 132 cd 131 bcd 125 abc 130 bcd 134 d 123 ab 123 ab
Manure N input to soil (kg·ha-1·yr-1) 205 a 219 b 223 bc 224 cd 224 cd 224 cd 227 d 227 d 227 d 231 e
Mineral N fertilizer input to soil (kg·ha-1·yr-1) 121 a 133 b 136 bc 140 cd 144 d 145 d 142 cd 144 d 143 d 144 d
Manure P input to soil (kg·ha-1·yr-1) 35 ab 37 cde 37 e 37 cde 37 de 36 cd 36 cd 36 c 35 b 34 a
Mineral P fertilizer input to soil (kg·ha-1·yr-1) 0.2 bc 0.1 abc 0.2 abc 0.1 ab 0.1 abc 0.3 c 0.1 abc 0.0 a 0.1 ab 0.2 bc
Dry matter yield grassland (Mg·ha-1·yr-1) 9.7 a 10.2 b 10.5 bc 10.6 cd 10.8 de 10.9 de 11.0 ef 11.2 fg 11.5 gh 11.6 h
Dry matter yield silage maize (Mg·ha-1·yr-1) 18.3 b 17.9 ab 17.9 ab 17.9 ab 18.4 b 18.2 ab 18.3 b 18.0 ab 18.4 b 17.7 a
Farm produced feed N (% of total N feed intake) 69 h 65 g 65 g 62 f 60 ef 59 e 55 d 51 c 49 b 39 a
Tab.2  Mean performance indicators of herd management and soil and crop management of 2858 dairy farm in 2015
Fig.2  Box plots of indicator values per group of farms. (a) N surplus per ha of farmland; (b) nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) at farm level; (c) total N output in milk and meat per ha of farmland; and (d) total manure N export, expressed in kg N per ha of farmland. The 2858 farms were ordered in ascending order of milk production and then divided in 10 equal groups of 286 dairy farms. Boxes indicate the 25 (bottom) and 75 (top) percentile values per group of farms, the line in the box represents the medium, and the whiskers indicate the 5 and 95 percentile values.
Fig.3  Box plots of indicator values per group of farms. (a) Phosphorus surplus per ha of farmland; (b) phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) at farm level; (c) phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) of the herd; and (d) total manure phosphorus export, expressed in kg·ha-1 P of farmland. The 2858 farms were ordered in ascending order of milk production and then divided in 10 equal groups of 286 dairy farms. Boxes indicate the 25 (bottom) and 75 (top) percentile values per group of farms, the line in the box represents the medium, and the whiskers indicate the 5 and 95 percentile values.
Fig.4  Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) at farm level as function of milk production per ha of farmland (groups 1–10), following corrections for the externalization of the inefficiencies of imported animal feed N and P. We assumed that the imported animal feed was produced with an efficiency of 50% for both N and P (a,b) and with an efficiency of 75% of the imported feed (c,d). The 2858 farms were ordered in ascending order of milk production and then divided in 10 equal groups of 286 dairy farms. Boxes indicate the 25 (bottom) and 75 (top) percentile values per group of farms, the line in the box represents the medium, and the whiskers indicate the 5 and 95 percentile values.
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