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Front. Agr. Sci. Eng.    2021, Vol. 8 Issue (3) : 400-415    https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021394
RESEARCH ARTICLE
RESPONSE OF WHEAT COMPOSITE CROSS POPULATIONS TO DISEASE AND CLIMATE VARIATION OVER 13 GENERATIONS
Odette Denise WEEDON(), Maria Renate FINCKH
Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecological Plant Protection, University of Kassel, Nordbahnhofstr. 1a, Witzenhausen, D-37213, Germany.
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Abstract

• Agronomic performance of wheat populations comparable to modern cultivars.

• Performance of populations depends on parental cultivar selection.

• Agronomic advantage of populations under particular environmental stresses.

• Heterogeneous populations better suited to low-input conditions.

Since the F5 (2005), three winter wheat composite cross populations (CCPs) based on germplasm specifically suitable for low-input conditions were subjected to natural selection under organic and conventional management. In the F6, each CCP was divided into two parallel populations (12 CCPs in total) and maintained continuously until 2018. Commonly used modern cultivars with different disease susceptibilities were grown alongside to assess the agronomic performance of the CCPs. The organically managed CCPs were comparable in yield and foliar disease resistance to two continuously used reference cultivars, Achat and Capo. In contrast, under conventional management the cv. Capo outyielded the CCPs (Achat was not tested), highlighting the importance of parental cultivar choice for specific management systems. The CCPs were found to be moderately resistant to brown rust and even to the newly emerged stripe rust races prevalent in Europe since 2011. Differences between the CCPs were mainly due to parental genetic background and were significant in the first five generations, but were no longer so in the last five generations. In addition, these differences tended to vary depending on the experimental year and the environmental stresses present. In conclusion, the CCPs despite being derived from older cultivars are able to compete with more recently released reference cultivars under organic farming practices and represent a dynamic germplasm resource.
Keywords evolutionary breeding      heterogeneous crop population      management system     
Corresponding Author(s): Odette Denise WEEDON   
Just Accepted Date: 26 April 2021   Online First Date: 21 May 2021    Issue Date: 26 September 2021
 Cite this article:   
Odette Denise WEEDON,Maria Renate FINCKH. RESPONSE OF WHEAT COMPOSITE CROSS POPULATIONS TO DISEASE AND CLIMATE VARIATION OVER 13 GENERATIONS[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2021, 8(3): 400-415.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/10.15302/J-FASE-2021394
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/Y2021/V8/I3/400
Experimental season Yield (t·ha−1) TGW (g) DI (Foot) Foliar disease assessments
Dates Method
2005/2006 x – – 30.6 – % NGLA (F and F-1) on 100 tillers
2006/2007 x x – – – –
2007/2008 x x – 28.6 – % NGLA (F and F-1) on 50 tillers
2008/2009a x x x 29.6 9.7 % NGLA (F and F-1) on 30 tillers
2009/2010 x x x 21.6 9.7 % NGLA (F and F-1) on 50 tillers per CCP, 30 per ref
2010/2011 Conv. x x 7.6 5.7 % NGLA (F and F-1) on 50 tillers per CCP, 20 per ref
2011/2012 Conv. x – – – –
2012/2013 Org. x – – – –
2013/2014 x x x 31.5 12.6 % NGLA (F, F-1 and F-2), 25 cm row sections per plot (3 times)
2014/2015a x x x 2.6 16.6 % NGLA (F, F-1 and F-2), 25 cm row sections per plot (10 times)
2015/2016 x x x 31.5 16.6 % NGLA (F, F-1 and F-2), 25 cm row sections per plot (9 times)
2016/2017 x x x 31.5 12.6 % NGLA (F, F-1 and F-2), 25 cm row sections per plot (10 times)
2017/2018 x x x 5.6 24.6 % NGLA (F, F-1 and F-2), 25 cm row sections per plot (12 times)
Tab.1  Data available for the wheat composite cross populations and foliar assessment methods (non-green leaf area, NGLA) used in the different years
Experimental season Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Mean temp. and total ppt.
2005/2006 14.9 11.3 5.2 1.8 −2.4 −0.5 1.5 8.1 12.7 16.3 21.2 15.6 8.8°C
28 20 38 56 21 40 56 38 84 28 59 73 540 mm
2006/2007 16.8 12.7 7.8 5.2 5.3 4.4 6.5 10.7 13.8 17.2 17.2 16.4 11.2°C
18 49 41 48 99 57 59 5 103 117 77 78 750 mm
2007/2008 12.8 8.5 4.0 1.7 4.5 4.0 4.4 7.7 14.5 17.1 18.3 17.9 9.6°C
128 23 106 69 70 25 82 73 16 91 56 46 785 mm
2008/2009 12.7 9.2 5.2 0.3 −2.4 1.1 4.5 12.3 13.9 14.7 18.6 18.6 9.1°C
48 66 54 61 11 33 75 33 78 51 81 69 659 mm
2009/2010 14.6 8.3 8.0 0.3 −3.8 −0.3 4.6 9.2 10.6 16.4 20.7 16.7 8.8°C
77 67 81 96 10 42 71 19 89 46 48 147 791 mm
2010/2011 12.5 8.3 4.8 −4.1 1.3 0.4 3.5 12.7 15.6 17.3 16.5 18.4 8.9°C
86 29 87 43 49 29 9 37 18 90 43 105 627 mm
2011/2012 15.4 9.8 4.8 4.1 2.4 −2.3 7.5 8.4 14.6 14.9 17.3 18.9 9.6°C
41 42 2 111 121 24 15 35 61 127 140 59 779 mm
2012/2013 13.8 8.8 5.2 2.1 −0.1 −0.6 −0.6 8.4 11.6 15.2 19.0 18.4 8.4°C
44 42 33 90 53 51 25 33 146 26 36 37 615 mm
2013/2014 13.8 11.2 4.8 4.8 2.8 5.3 7.3 11.5 12.4 15.2 19.0 16.0 10.3°C
62 81 72 37 38 16 11 29 96 37 125 79 681 mm
2014/2015 15 12.3 7.0 2.7 2.7 1.3 5.1 8.6 12.3 15.5 19.0 19.6 10.1°C
37 45 15 36 44 18 50 36 25 28 95 160 588 mm
2015/2016 12.8 8.5 8.8 7.6 1.7 3.5 4.2 8.0 13.8 17.0 18.6 18.0 10.2°C
51 43 89 29 40 83 45 47 42 99 65 24 654 mm
2016/2017 17.5 8.9 4.2 2.4 −2.1 3.4 7.8 7.5 14.4 17.5 18.1 17.7 9.8°C
21 71 33 16 36 37 39 37 32 60 183 124 686 mm
2017/2018 13.0 11.9 5.8 3.6 4.2 −1.8 2.7 12.8 15.6 17.6 20.6 20.2 11.0°C
35 61 73 47 80 9 43 29 33 15 15 31 471 mm
Mean temp. 14.3 10.0 5.8 2.5 1.1 1.4 4.5 9.7 13.5 16.3 18.8 17.9 9.6°C
Mean ppt. 52 49 56 57 52 36 45 35 63 63 79 80 663 mm
Long-term mean temp. (1971–2000) 13.6 9.2 4.7 2.3 1.0 1.4 4.9 8.1 12.9 15.5 17.4 17.3 9.0°C
Long-term mean ppt. (1971–2000) 52 44 51 58 49 36 49 43 58 74 59 55 628 mm
Color key
Temp. deviations from mean >+3°C >+1.5°C <+1.5°C and>−1.5°C <−1.5°C <−3°C
Ppt. deviations from mean >+50% >+25% <+25% and>−25% >−25% >−50%
Tab.2  Mean monthly and overall mean temperature (°C) and total monthly and overall total precipitation (mm) per experimental season from 2005/2006 to 2017/2018
Fig.1  Estimated mean area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) and dominance of foliar and insect pathogens in the organically and conventionally managed wheat composite cross populations and reference cultivars from 2008/2009 to 2017/2018 (SEP/DTR, Septoria tritici/Drechslera tritici-repentis). Differing small letters indicate significant differences at P<0.05 between entries within an experimental season.
Entry AUDPC Yield
Organic Conventional Organic Conventional
Achat 311 5.29
Capo 255 273 5.17 5.75
QI 317 281 4.77 4.97
QII 277 308 4.91 5.10
YI 256 285 5.00 5.21
YII 311 305 5.21 5.45
YQI 306 263 5.11 5.43
YQII 298 283 5.20 5.35
Tab.3  Estimated mean area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) and yields (t·ha−1) for the organic and conventional wheat composite cross entries and reference cultivars
Entry 2005/2006 2006/2007 2007/2008 2008/2009 2009/2010 2010/2011 2011/2012 2012/2013 2013/2014 2014/2015 2015/2016 2016/2017 2017/2018 Mean SE Mean CCPs
Organic
Achat 6.61 a 5.32 6.46 a 7.34 5.20 a 2.85 ab 4.11 b 4.33 6.37 a 4.30 b 5.29 0.41
Capo 5.66 ab 5.52 6.56 a 7.31 4.80 a 3.48 a 4.16 b 3.84 5.92 ab 4.27 b 5.17 0.41
OQ 5.85 2.73 b 5.37 b 4.99 5.61 b 7.30 4.06 b 2.64 b 4.64 ab 4.12 5.50 b 4.19 b 4.84 0.41 4.76 B**
OY 6.29 3.43 a 6.32 a 4.97 6.00 ab 7.34 3.70 b 3.26 a 5.12 a 4.23 5.46 b 4.78 a 5.11 0.41 5.07 A**
OYQ 5.62 3.69 a 6.31 a 4.96 6.28 a 7.64 4.11 b 3.34 a 4.64 ab 4.29 5.81 ab 4.25 b 5.16 0.41 5.09 A**
Mean 5.92 3.28 6.03 5.08 6.10 7.40 4.22 3.10 4.63 4.18 5.73 4.38
Conventional
Capo 5.92 a 5.10 a 6.18 5.54 a 6.59 5.42 a 6.89 a 4.44 b 5.75 A* 0.29
CQ 4.98 2.27 3.48 ab 4.96 b 4.12 b 5.46 4.54 b 6.02 4.46 b 5.92 b 4.81 ab 5.04 B* 0.27 4.64 B**
CY 5.30 2.00 3.37 b 5.62 a 4.36 b 6.06 4.79 ab 6.38 4.01 b 6.42 ab 5.04 a 5.33 AB* 0.27 4.84 AB**
CYQ 5.16 2.23 4.20 a 5.44 ab 4.96 a 5.93 4.78 ab 5.99 4.52 b 6.41 ab 5.05 a 5.39 AB* 0.27 4.97 A**
Mean 5.14 2.17 3.68 5.42 4.57 5.87 4.82 6.20 4.49 6.34 4.89
Tab.4  Estimated means of yields (t·ha−1) in experimental season for wheat composite cross population (CCP) and the reference cvs Achat and Capo (organic), and Capo (conventional)
Entry 2006/2007 2007/2008 2008/2009 2009/2010 2010/2011 2011/2012 2012/2013 2013/2014 2014/2015 2015/2016 2016/2017 2017/2018 Mean
Organic
OQ 44.0 a 52.3 40.7 42.3 53.4 49.7 45.5 48.7 a 45.8 b 44.6 44.3 b 42.8 46.1
OY 41.5 b 54.5 37.5 40.7 53.5 48.3 46.6 48.4 a 47.9 a 43.5 45.4 a 43.3 45.9
OYQ 43.2 ab 53.4 39.6 40.7 55.3 49.8 44.9 46.8 b 46.5 b 46.0 45.8 a 42.3 46.1
Mean 43.0 53.3 39.4 41.2 54.1 49.3 45.5 47.9 46.6 44.8 45.2 42.8
Conventional
CQ 37.9 50.9 36.7 36.4 51.5 b 49.6 42.5 41.2 45.4 41.9 a 49.1 39.8 b 43.5
CY 38.0 46.9 35.5 33.0 53.6 ab 46.3 41.3 43.0 46.4 39.4 b 46.9 43.1 a 42.9
CYQ 38.9 48.4 35.8 35.9 54.1 a 48.7 43.5 42.4 45.4 41.2 ab 47.3 40.8 b 43.6
Mean 38.3 48.8 36.0 35.1 53.1 48.2 42.4 42.2 45.7 40.8 47.8 41.3
Tab.5  Estimated means of thousand grain weight (TGW) (g) in experimental season for wheat composite cross population (CCP) and the reference cvs Achat and Capo (organic), and Capo (conventional)
Item CCP group and entry (yield) CCP group and reference (yield) CCP group and entry (TGW)
DF DenDF MS F value P value DF DenDF MS F value P value Df DenDF MS F value P value
Organic
CCP Group 2 41.2 0.5 7.5 <0.01 4 50.2 0.1 1.5 0.23 2 49.1 1.2 0.9 0.42
CCP Entry 3 27.5 0.1 1.2 0.33 3 22.6 0.1 1.3 0.31 3 34.3 2.6 1.8 0.16
Conventional
CCP Group 2 42.4 0.1 3.4 0.04 3 43.5 0.2 4.2 0.01 2 46.4 0.4 0.2 0.81
CCP Entry 3 27.1 0.02 0.8 0.48 3 43.5 0.03 0.8 0.50 3 28.3 3.2 1.8 0.18
Tab.6  Numerical degrees of freedom (DF), denominator degrees of freedom (DenDF), mean squares (MS), and F and P values from the analysis of variance for yield (t·ha−1) and TGW (g) for the wheat composite cross population (CCP) groups and entries, and CCPs and entries including reference cultivars under organic and conventional management
Site Item CCP group and entry (yield) CCP group and entry (TGW)
DF DenDF MS F value P value DF DenDF MS F value P value
Saurasen and Teilanger (F6–F9/F12) CCP Group 5 28.9 3.1 65.2 <0.001 5 33.0 37.9 16.8 <0.001
CCP Entry 6 16.0 0.1 1.4 0.26 6 5.5 3.0 1.3 0.37
Year 3 6.0 18.5 389.9 <0.001 6 31.6 531.4 235.9 <0.001
CCP Group × Year 15 28.9 1.0 20.1 <0.001 30 43.7 3.7 1.6 0.06
CCP Entry × Year 18 16.0 0.2 3.8 <0.001 36 35.4 2.6 1.2 0.33
Teilanger (F13–F17) CCP Group 5 21.4 1.6 33.8 <0.001 5 63.6 10.5 11.4 <0.001
CCP Entry 6 8.6 1.0 3.5 0.04 6 38.9 3.5 3.8 <0.01
Year 4 6.4 5.0 107.1 <0.001 4 8.9 31.2 34.1 <0.001
CCP Group × Year 20 32.8 0.3 5.8 <0.001 20 63.7 11.5 12.7 <0.001
CCP Entry × Year 24 19.0 0.2 3.3 <0.01 24 42.3 5.2 5.7 <0.001
Tab.7  Numerical degrees of freedom (DF), denominator degrees of freedom (DenDF), mean squares (MS), and F values and p values from the analysis of variance for yield (t·ha−1) and TGW (g) of the wheat composite cross populations (CCPs) across management system and depending on the site
Fig.2  (a) Estimated mean yields (t·ha−1) of types of wheat composite cross populations (CCP) and CCP groups under organic (TA, Teilanger) and conventional (SAU, Saurasen) management for the five and four experimental seasons from 2005/2006 to 2009/2010 and from 2006/2007 to 2009/2010. (b) Estimated mean yields (t·ha−1) of types of CCPs and CCP groups under organic (O) and conventional (C) management at Teilanger (TA) for the five experimental seasons from 2013/2014 to 2017/2018. (c) Estimated mean TGW (g) of types of CCP and CCP groups under organic (TA) and conventional (SAU) management for seven experimental seasons from 2006/2007 to 2012/2013. (d) Estimated mean TGW (g) of types of CCP and CCP groups under organic (O) and conventional (C) management at TA for the five experimental seasons from 2013/2014 to 2017/2018. Different capital letters indicate significant differences at P<0.05 within types of CCP and within the CCP groups. Error bars indicate standard error. Conventional CCPs are indicated by bars with horizontal lines. *Different capital letters indicate significant differences of the CCP types over the mentioned experimental years. **Different capital letters indicate significant differences between the CCP groups over the mentioned experimental years.
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