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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering

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Front. Agr. Sci. Eng.    2024, Vol. 11 Issue (3) : 468-484    https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2023487
Effect of exogenous additives on heavy metal passivation and nitrogen retention in pig manure composting
Ziqi WANG1, Guotao SUN2, Jiamin WANG2, Gongshe YANG1()
1. College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
2. College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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Abstract

● Research on heavy metal passivation and nitrogen emissions is necessary for the pig industry.

● Mechanism of heavy metal passivation and nitrogen retention by different additives was introduced.

● Development and prospect of metal passivation, nitrogen preservation technology were discussed.

The widespread use of feed additives in intensive and large-scale pig farming has resulted in high levels of heavy metals in pig manure. The long-term application of organic fertilizers containing high levels of heavy metals leads to the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil, which not only causes heavy metal pollution in the soil, and also affect food safety and endanger human health. Composting is an economical and effective technical measures to achieve environmentally-sustainable treatment of pig manure and is a practical method to reduce the problem of heavy metals and to improve the resource value of pig manure. The composting process is accompanied by high temperatures and the production and emission of gases, and also lead to changes in the nitrogen content of the compost and provide opportunity for heavy metal passivation additives. This paper summarizes the forms and types of heavy metals present in pig manure and reviews the progress of research as well as the techniques and problems of in the composting process, and provides recommendations for research on heavy metal passivation and nitrogen retention in pig manure composting.
Keywords Additives      composting      heavy metals passivation      nitrogen retention      pig manure     
Corresponding Author(s): Gongshe YANG   
Just Accepted Date: 23 March 2023   Online First Date: 06 May 2023    Issue Date: 17 July 2024
 Cite this article:   
Ziqi WANG,Guotao SUN,Jiamin WANG, et al. Effect of exogenous additives on heavy metal passivation and nitrogen retention in pig manure composting[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2024, 11(3): 468-484.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/10.15302/J-FASE-2023487
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/Y2024/V11/I3/468
Fig.1  Mechanisms of physical additives passivation of heavy metals.
Fig.2  Chemical passivation agent passivation mechanism.
Fig.3  Mechanism of mineralization by phosphate-mineralization bacteria.
Type of additivesAdvantagesDisadvantagesReferences
Physical additivesEasy operationLess effective[40–51]
Low cost Low repeatability
Wide range of sources
Chemical additivesBetter effectsDifficult operation[56–60]
Fast results Higher costs
Waste liquid pollution
Application difficulties
Microbial additivesReusableHigh technical demands[63–67]
Better effects Higher costs
Great prospects Further research needed
Tab.1  Advantages and disadvantages of different additives
Fig.4  Nitrogen conversion processes in composting.
FeedstockAdditiveImpact on N conservation (%)Reference
TNCH4NH3N2O
Pig manure and maize strawCa(H2PO4)2 + MgSO465↓59↓[72]
Pig manure and maize strawGuano crystals + nitrification inhibitors50↓[76]
Pig manure and wheat strawBiochar (10%)a54.5↓51↓[77]
Biochar (10%)a + zeolite (10%)a63.4↓78.13↓
Biochar (10%)a + zeolite (10%)a + wood vinegar solution (2%)a74.32↓
Pig manure and sawdustRaffinate + zeolite + biochar + wood55.5↓80↓[75]
vinegar solution74↓69↓
Pig manure and sawdustClay (10%)a45↓86↓[78]
Pig manure and wheat strawCalcium superphosphate22↑[79]
Apple dregs87↓
Bentonite55↓
Pig manure and sawdustBamboo charcoal + bamboo vinegar liquid74↑[78]
Pig manure and maize strawPhosphogypsum (10%)22↓[80]
Tab.2  Effects of physical additives on nitrogen retention in pig manure compost
Fig.5  Mechanism of action of chemical additives on nitrogen loss during composting.
FeedstockAdditiveImpact on N conservation (%)Reference
TNCH4NH3N2O
Pig manure and maize strawH3PO4 (15%)a, MgO (15%)a49.8↑ 55.4↓ [76]
H3PO4 (15%)a, Mg(OH)2 (15%)a44.5↑ 50.8↓
Ca(H2PO4)2 (15%)a, MgSO4 (15%)a53.1↑ 59.1↓
H3PO4 (15%)a, MgSO4 (15%)a73.9↑ 81.9↓
Pig manure and maize strawH3PO4 (15%)a, MgO (15%)a 78.6↓[80]
Dicyandiamide (10%), H3PO4 (15%)a and MgO (15%)a 53.7↓
Pig manure and maize strawCalcium magnesium phosphate (10%)b 42.9↓ [83]
Pig manure and maize strawPhosphogypsum (10%)b 21.6↓ [84]
Phosphogypsum and dicyandiamide (0.2%)b 29.3↓
Pig manure and maize strawCalcium magnesium phosphate (20%) 29.3↓ [85]
Tab.3  Effect of chemical additives on nitrogen retention in pig manure compost
Fig.6  Mechanism of reducing nitrogen loss during composting by inoculating microorganisms.
FeedstockAdditiveImpact on N conservation (%)Reference
TNCH4NH3N2O
Pig manure and sawdustBacillus22↑ [87]
Pig manure and wheat branLactobacillus paracasei17↑ [88]
Pig manure and wheat strawBacillus megaterium (5%)a 31.3↓53.1↓[89]
Bentonite (5%)a 18.8↓72.6↓
Bacillus megaterium and bentonite (mix 5%)a 23.7↓63.4↓
Pig manure and wheat strawAmmoniation bacteria, nitrifying bacteria and nitrogen fixing bacteria35↑ [32]
Tab.4  Effect of microbial additives on nitrogen in pig manure compost
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