Please wait a minute...
Shopping Cart Email List Chinese
Advanced Search Fig/Tab
Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering

ISSN 2095-7505

ISSN 2095-977X(Online)

CN 10-1204/S

Postal Subscription Code 80-906

Featured Articles  |  Most Downloaded  |  Most Reading
Online Submission Subscribe to Our RSS Content Feed
Front. Agr. Sci. Eng.    2023, Vol. 10 Issue (3) : 492-502    https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2023503
RESEARCH ARTICLE
DEGRADATION OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FLOCCULATED LIQUID DIGESTATE USING PHOTOCATALYTIC TITANATE NANOFIBERS: MECHANISM AND RESPONSE SURFACE OPTIMIZATION
Yiting XIAO1(), Yang TIAN2, Yuanhang ZHAN1, Jun ZHU1
1. Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
2. Material Science and Engineering Programs, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
 Download: PDF(3162 KB)   HTML
 Export: BibTeX | EndNote | Reference Manager | ProCite | RefWorks
Abstract

● Titanate NFs were synthesized and photodegraded liquid digestate for the first time.

● The long titanate NFs (bandgap of 3.16 eV) have a high VFA removal rate of 72.9%.

● RSM has been used to optimize the VFA, COD, and color removal rate.

● The quadratic model and the effects of photocatalytic dosage were significant.

Titanate nanofibers (TNFs) were synthesized using a hydrothermal method and were employed for the first time in this study to photocatalytically degrade organic pollutants found in flocculated liquid digestate of poultry litter. The photocatalytic performance of TNFs, with a bandgap of 3.16 eV, was tested based on degradation of organic pollutants and removal of color. Five combinations of pollutant concentration and pH were examined (0.2 to 1.3 g·L−1 at pH 4 to 10). Central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were applied in order to optimize the removal rates of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), and the decolorization rate. There were no significant differences between the regression models generated by the CCD/RSM and the experimental data. It was found that the optimal values for pH, dosage, VFA removal rate, COD removal rate and decolorization rate were 6.752, 0.767 g·L−1, 72.9%, 59.1% and 66.8%, respectively. These findings indicates that photocatalytic TNFs have potential for the posttreatment of anaerobic digestion effluent, as well as other types of wastewater.
Keywords titanate nanofibers      photocatalysis      poultry litter liquid digestate     
Corresponding Author(s): Yiting XIAO   
Just Accepted Date: 28 April 2023   Online First Date: 01 June 2023    Issue Date: 20 September 2023
 Cite this article:   
Yiting XIAO,Yang TIAN,Yuanhang ZHAN, et al. DEGRADATION OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FLOCCULATED LIQUID DIGESTATE USING PHOTOCATALYTIC TITANATE NANOFIBERS: MECHANISM AND RESPONSE SURFACE OPTIMIZATION[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2023, 10(3): 492-502.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/10.15302/J-FASE-2023503
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/Y2023/V10/I3/492
Fig.1  Schematic of the photocatalytic reactor system.
Run pH Concentration (mg·L−1) VFA removal rate (%) COD removal rate (%) Decolorization rate (%)
1 7.00 0.75 68.0 53.2 59.9
2 7.00 1.30 51.6 10.4 18.7
3 10.0 0.75 33.1 20.7 48.1
4 9.12 0.36 30.5 18.3 54.9
5 7.00 0.75 67.4 57.8 70.8
6 4.00 0.75 38.1 37.4 42.6
7 7.00 0.75 75.6 66.3 74.3
8 4.88 1.14 57.3 39.6 42.6
9 7.00 0.20 20.9 12.8 32.8
10 4.88 0.36 47.8 38.4 49.4
11 9.12 1.14 53.1 32.3 40.2
12 7.00 0.75 74.3 59.7 60.6
13 7.00 0.75 76.4 55.7 71.1
Tab.1  Central composite design matrix of the two independent variables with experimental responses for volatile fatty acid (VFA) removal rate, chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate and decolorization rate
Fig.2  X-ray diffraction pattern for TiO2 nanoparticles and Titanate nanofibers (Na2TiO5 NFs) at different synthesis time from 1 day to 5 days (from bottom to top).
Fig.3  Scanning electron microscope image of (a) TiO2 nanoparticles; (b) titanate (as Na2TiO5) nanofiber synthesized by hydrothermal method from TiO2 nanoparticles.
Fig.4  Transformed reflectance spectrum plot of Titanate nanofibers to determine the band gap energy (Eg). x-axis data (Eg) was extrapolated from linear plots of the plot. Absorption spectrum of titanate nanofibers is shown in the inset plot.
Pollutant Nanoparticle photocatalyst Initial COD* (mg·L–1) pH Concentration(g·L–1) UV intensity (W) Removal efficiency (%) Reference
Refinery wastewater TiO2 immobilized on white concrete 1200 9 0.05 24 60 [17]
Coffee processing wastewater TiO2 (addition of H2O2 oxidants) 28,800 4 0.5 64 84 [16]
Refinery wastewater TiO2 200–240 4 1.2 88 41 [18]
Metronidazolein aqueous solutions TiO2 126 10 3 125 34 [19]
Petroleum refinery wastewater TiO2 220 4 0.1 400 83 [20]
Tab.2  Comparisons with previous studies
ANOVA parameter Response variable
VFA removal rate COD removal rate Decolorization rate
Sum of squares 0.378 0.390 0.274
Mean squares 0.0755 0.0780 0.0548
R2 0.911 0.902 0.865
Adjusted R2 0.848 0.832 0.768
Mean 0.534 0.387 0.512
Standard deviations 0.0725 0.0779 0.0783
Coefficient of variation (%) 13.6 20.17 15.3
Adequate precision 9.56 8.19 8.14
SSE* 0.0368 0.0424 0.0429
F 14.4 12.9 8.94
P 0.0015 0.0020 0.0060
(Lack of fit)
F 5.24 4.36 1.94
P 0.0717 0.0943 0.2650
Tab.3  ANOVA analysis for fitting models for volatile fatty acids (VFA) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate, and Decolorization rate
Fig.5  Linear correlations between the observed and predicted data for volatile fatty acids (VFA) removal rate (a), chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate (b) and decolorization rate (c).
ANOVA parameters Response variables
pH Concentration pH by concentration pH2 Concentration2
VFA removal rate
　Sum of squares 0.0102 0.0713 0.0043 0.168 0.162
　Mean squares 0.0102 0.0713 0.0043 0.168 0.162
　F 1.94 13.6 0.821 32.0 30.7
　P 0.207 0.0078a 0.395 0.0008a 0.0009a
COD removal rate
　Sum of squares 0.0325 0.0018 0.0040 0.0968 0.292
　Mean squares 0.0325 0.0018 0.0040 0.0968 0.292
　F 5.35 0.291 0.664 16.0 48.3
　P 0.0539 0.606 0.4420 0.0052a 0.0002a
Decolorization rate
　Sum of squares 0.0015 0.0214 0.0016 0.0466 0.226
　Mean squares 0.0015 0.0214 0.0016 0.0466 0.226
　F 0.244 3.49 0.256 7. 60 36.8
　P 0.637 0.104 0.628 0.0282a 0.0005a
Tab.4  ANOVA for model variables and their interactions for volatile fatty acids (VFA) removal rate, chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate, and decolorization rate
Fig.6  Response surface plots of volatile fatty acid (VFA) removal rate (a) chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate (b), and decolorization rate (c) with respect to pH and concentration.
1 V, Vutai X C, Ma M Lu . The role of anaerobic digestion in wastewater management. EM (Pittsburgh, Pa.), 2016, 0(September 2016): 12–16
2 W, Rongwong J, Lee K, Goh H E, Karahan T-H Bae . Membrane-based technologies for post-treatment of anaerobic effluents. npj Clean Water, 2018, 1(1): 21
3 E, Monfet G, Aubry A A Ramirez . Nutrient removal and recovery from digestate: a review of the technology. Biofuels, 2018, 9(2): 247–262
https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2017.1336348
4 P S, Selvaraj K, Periasamy K, Suganya K, Ramadass S, Muthusamy P, Ramesh R, Bush S G T, Vincent T Palanisami . Novel resources recovery from anaerobic digestates: current trends and future perspectives. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022, 52(11): 1915–1999
https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2020.1864957
5 S N, Frank A J Bard . Heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation of cyanide and sulfite in aqueous solutions at semiconductor powders. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1977, 81(15): 1484–1488
https://doi.org/10.1021/j100530a011
6 D, Zhang F, Dai P, Zhang Z, An Y, Zhao L Chen . The photodegradation of methylene blue in water with PVDF/GO/ZnO composite membrane. Materials Science and Engineering C, 2019, 96: 684–692
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.11.049 pmid: 30606582
7 Y, Zhan X, Cao Y, Xiao X, Wei S, Wu J Zhu . Start-up of co-digestion of poultry litter and wheat straw in anaerobic sequencing batch reactor by gradually increasing organic loading rate: methane production and microbial community analysis. Bioresource Technology, 2022, 354: 127232
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127232 pmid: 35483532
8 A, Ozkizilcik R, Williams Z R, Tian D F, Muresanu A, Sharma H S Sharma . Synthesis of biocompatible titanate nanofibers for effective delivery of neuroprotective agents. In: Skaper S D, ed. Neurotrophic Factors: Methods and Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol 1727. New York: Humana Press, 2018, 433–442
9 R, Ghelich M R, Jahannama H, Abdizadeh F S, Torknik M R Vaezi . Central composite design (CCD)-response surface methodology (RSM) of effective electrospinning parameters on PVP-B-Hf hybrid nanofibrous composites for synthesis of HfB2-based composite nanofibers. Composites. Part B: Engineering, 2019, 166: 527–541
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.01.094
10 E K, Tetteh S Rathilal . Response surface optimization of biophotocatalytic degradation of industrial wastewater for bioenergy recovery. Bioengineering, 2022, 9(3): 95
https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9030095 pmid: 35324784
11 S, Sahib F, Niu A, Sharma L, Feng Z R, Tian D F, Muresanu A, Nozari H S Sharma . Chapter Five—Potentiation of spinal cord conduction and neuroprotection following nanodelivery of DL-3-n-butylphthalide in titanium implanted nanomaterial in a focal spinal cord injury induced functional outcome, blood-spinal cord barrier breakdown and edema formation. In: Sharma H S, Sharma A, eds. International Review of Neurobiology. Vol 146. New Therapeutic Strategies for Brain Edema and Cell Injury. Academic Press, 2019, 153–188
12 L, Chen Y, Zhou H, Dai Z, Li T, Yu J, Liu Z Zou . Fiber dye-sensitized solar cells consisting of TiO2 nanowires arrays on Ti thread as photoanodes through a low-cost, scalable route. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2013, 1(38): 11790–11794
https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ta12511d
13 P, Makuła M, Pacia W Macyk . How to correctly determine the band gap energy of modified semiconductor photocatalysts based on UV–Vis spectra. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2018, 9(23): 6814–6817
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02892 pmid: 30990726
14 S A, Ansari M H Cho . Highly visible light responsive, narrow band gap TiO2 nanoparticles modified by elemental red phosphorus for photocatalysis and photoelectrochemical applications. Scientific Reports, 2016, 6(1): 25405
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep25405 pmid: 27146098
15 J Q, Chen D, Wang M X, Zhu C J Gao . Photocatalytic degradation of dimethoate using nanosized TiO2 powder. Desalination, 2007, 207(1−3): 87−94
16 G, Sujatha S, Shanthakumar F Chiampo . UV light-irradiated photocatalytic degradation of coffee processing wastewater using TiO2 as a catalyst. Environments, 2020, 7(6): 47
https://doi.org/10.3390/environments7060047
17 N, Gholami B, Ghasemi B, Anvaripour S Jorfi . Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of furfural and a real wastewater using UVC/TiO2 nanoparticles immobilized on white concrete in a fixed-bed reactor. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2018, 62: 291–301
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2018.01.007
18 W Z, Khan I, Najeeb M, Tuiyebayeva Z Makhtayeva . Refinery wastewater degradation with titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and hydrogen peroxide in a photocatalytic reactor. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2015, 94: 479–486
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2014.10.007
19 N, Okhovat M, Hashemi A A Golpayegani . Photocatalytic decomposition of Metronidazolein aqueous solutions using titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Journal of Materials & Environmental Sciences, 2015, 6(3): 792–799
20 F, Shahrezaei Y, Mansouri A A L, Zinatizadeh A Akhbari . Process modeling and kinetic evaluation of petroleum refinery wastewater treatment in a photocatalytic reactor using TiO2 nanoparticles. Powder Technology, 2012, 221: 203–212
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2012.01.003
21 T, Ohno D, Haga K, Fujihara K, Kaizaki M Matsumura . Unique effects of iron(III) ions on photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical properties of titanium dioxide. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 1997, 101(33): 6415–6419
https://doi.org/10.1021/jp971093i
22 R, Nawaz S, Haider H, Ullah M S, Akhtar S, Khan M, Junaid N Khan . Optimized remediation of treated agro-industrial effluent using visible light-responsive core-shell structured black TiO2 photocatalyst. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2022, 10(1): 106968
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.106968
23 J C, Costa M M Alves . Posttreatment of olive mill wastewater by immobilized TiO2 photocatalysis. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2013, 89(3): 545–551
https://doi.org/10.1111/php.12023 pmid: 23190724
24 , Yanti T, Nurhayati I, Royani , Widayani Khairurrijal. Synthesis and characterization of MAA-based molecularly-imprinted polymer (MIP) with D-glucose template. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2016, 739: 012143
https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/739/1/012143
25 IR Spectroscopy Tutorial: Alkynes. Available at The Organic Chemistry Lab webpage on March 10, 2023
26 C, Galindo P, Jacques A Kalt . Photodegradation of the aminoazobenzene acid orange 52 by three advanced oxidation processes: UV/H2O2, UV/TiO2 and VIS/TiO2: comparative mechanistic and kinetic investigations. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A Chemistry, 2000, 130(1): 35–47
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1010-6030(99)00199-9
27 G, Marcì V, Augugliaro M J, López-Muñoz C, Martín L, Palmisano V, Rives M, Schiavello R J D, Tilley A M Venezia . Preparation characterization and photocatalytic activity of polycrystalline ZnO/TiO2 systems. 2. surface, bulk characterization, and 4-nitrophenol photodegradation in liquid−solid regime. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. Biophysics, Biomaterials, Liquids, and Soft Matter, 2001, 105(5): 1033–1040
28 J P, Kehrer J D, Robertson C V Smith . 1.14—Free Radicals and Reactive Oxygen Species. In: McQueen C A, ed. Comprehensive Toxicology (2nd ed). Elsevier, 2010, 277–307
[1] FASE-23503-OF-XYT_suppl_1 Download
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited
  Shared   
  Discussed