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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering

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Front. Agr. Sci. Eng.    2024, Vol. 11 Issue (3) : 381-396    https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2024552
Spatiotemporal distribution, environmental risk and carbon emission reduction potential of livestock manure in Shaanxi Province, China
Mengyuan QIAO1, Jianchun ZHU1(), Ronghua LI2, Junting PAN3, Ran XIAO4, Hailong WANG5, Kuok Ho Daniel TANG6(), Zengqiang ZHANG2
1. College of Humanities & Social Development, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
2. College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, China
3. Key Laboratory of Non-point Source Pollution of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
4. Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
5. Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Guangdong 528000, China
6. Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Abstract

● Production, distributions and environmental risks of LM in Shaanxi were studied.

● Energy utilization and carbon emission reduction potentials of LM in Shaanxi were estimated.

● LM in Shaanxi reached 4.64 × 106 t in 2021 with cattle and pig manure as the primary sources.

● LM is concentrated in northern Shaanxi and the eastern part of Hanzhong.

● Volumes of LM in Ankang and Hanzhong posed potential N and P pollution risks.

● LM energy potential and carbon emission reduction potential are 1.2 × 1011 MJ and 22%.

Shaanxi is a leading province in animal husbandry (AH) in China. However, the lack of provincial information on the characteristics and utilization potential of livestock manure (LM) hinders crucial management decisions. Therefore, we investigated the spatiotemporal distribution, availability and biogas potential of LM in Shaanxi, and examine the carbon emission reduction potential of AH. There has been a 1.26-fold increase in LM quantities in Shaanxi over the past 35 years, reaching 4635.6 × 104 t by 2021. LM was mainly concentrated in northern Shaanxi and the eastern part of Hanzhong. Cattle and pig manure were the primary sources of LM, with the average LM land-load of 14.57 t·ha−1 in 2021. While the overall AH in Shaanxi has not exceeded the environmental capacity, the actual scales of AH in Ankang and Hanzhong have already surpassed the respective environmental capacities, posing a higher risk of N and P pollutions. In 2021, the estimated biogas energy potential of LM was 1.2 × 1011 MJ. From 2012 to 2021, the average carbon emission reduction potential in Shaanxi was 22%, with an average potential scale of 10%. The results of this research provide valuable data and policy recommendations for promoting the intensive use of LM and reducing carbon emissions in Shaanxi.
Keywords Livestock manure      emission estimation      N and P loads      biogas potential      carbon emission reduction     
Corresponding Author(s): Jianchun ZHU,Kuok Ho Daniel TANG   
Just Accepted Date: 07 March 2024   Online First Date: 19 March 2024    Issue Date: 17 July 2024
 Cite this article:   
Mengyuan QIAO,Jianchun ZHU,Ronghua LI, et al. Spatiotemporal distribution, environmental risk and carbon emission reduction potential of livestock manure in Shaanxi Province, China[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2024, 11(3): 381-396.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/10.15302/J-FASE-2024552
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/Y2024/V11/I3/381
Item Cow manure Pig manure Sheep manure Poultry manure
Breeding cycle (d) 365 199 365 210
Nutrient in manure (g·d -1)
　N 144.995 31.73 2.15 1.485
　P 14.045 4.22 0.46 0.335
Tab.1  Breeding days and the contents of N and P in the manure of livestock and poultry in Shaanxi Province
Item Cow manure Cow namure Sheep manure Poultry manure
Nitrogen content 0.78 0.65 0.8 1.37
Pig manure equivalent conversion coefficients 1.2 1 1.23 2.1
Tab.2  Conversion coefficients of the manure of livestock and poultry
Item Threshold value (R)
< 0.4 [0.4,0.7) [0.7,1.0) [1.0,1.5) [1.5,2.5) ≥2.5
Classification Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅵ
Threats to the environment No Low Moderate High Severe Critical
Tab.3  Classification of LM threshold values
Types Enteric fermentation Fecal discharge
CH4/(kg·(head·yr)–1) CH4/(kg·(head·yr)–1) N2O/(kg·(head·yr)–1)
Cow 47 1 1.39
Sheep 5 0.16 0.86
Pig 1 4 0.35
Poultry – 0.02 0.02
Tab.4  CH4 and N2O emission coefficients of livestock and poultry[33]
Category Index Description
Input variables (x) Land (103 ha) Arable land
Livestock breeding capital (108 yuan) Fixed investments of animal husbandry
Labor (104) Employees of animal husbandry
Expected output (y) Gross value of animal husbandry production (108 yuan) Gross value of livestock and poultry productions
Undesired output (c) Carbon emissions of animal husbandry (104 t) Carbon emissions of animal husbandry in Shaanxi Province
Tab.5  Description of input and output indicators
Fig.1  The amount of LM in Shaanxi Province from 1985 to 2021.
Fig.2  Pig manure equivalent of LM in Shaanxi Province in 1985–2021.
Fig.3  (a) Amount of LM; (b) amount of LM as pig manure equivalent.
Region Cites Cow (104 t) Poultry (104 t) Pig (104 t) Sheep (104 t) Arable land load (t·ha−1) R-value
Guanzhong Area Xi’an 57.6 19.7 46.7 10.8 5.2 0.2
Tongchuan 14.6 8.7 11.4 4.9 5.9 0.2
Baoji 318.8 21.1 102.3 82 17.4 0.6
Xianyang 154.7 28.9 199.9 61.8 12.9 0.4
Weinan 231.4 56.7 212.6 84.8 11.1 0.4
Northern Shaanxi Yan’an 70.9 10.4 61.4 90.3 15.9 0.5
Yulin 212.3 26.6 147.6 792.7 16.2 0.5
Southern Shaanxi Hanzhong 285.3 29.6 243.6 41.6 23.8 0.8
Ankang 211.6 25.6 185.7 83.5 22.8 0.8
Shangluo 77.6 38 80.8 33.2 14.5 0.5
Tab.6  Arable land load of LM and the pollution risk index of LM in various cities of Shaanxi Province in 2021
Fig.4  Amounts of (a) N and (b) P of LM in Shaanxi Province from 1985 to 2021; (c) N and P loads of arable land.
Region City Arable land load of N (t·ha−1) Arable land load of P (t·ha−1)
Guanzhong Area Xi’an 25.5 4.7
Tongchuan 30.1 4.7
Baoji 72.5 11.9
Xianyang 54.9 13.6
Weinan 48.5 10.1
Northern Shaanxi Yan’an 50.7 11.2
Yulin 31.8 6.6
Southern Shaanxi Hanzhong 106.8 24.2
Ankang 93.7 21.2
Shangluo 68.0 12.8
Tab.7  Spatial distribution of N and P loads of arable land for Shaanxi Province in 2021
City Environmental capacity (104 t) Environmental capacity of LM (104 pigs) Actual environmental capacity calculated by pig manure (104 pigs) Actual breeding quantity calculated by pig manure (104 pigs) Pollution risk index
N P N P N P N P N P
Xi’an 4.4 0.9 693.6 1073.7 346.8 536.9 104.2 145.2 0.2 0.1
Tongchuan 1.1 0.2 180.6 279.6 90.3 139.8 31.9 37.4 0.2 0.1
Baoji 5.1 1.1 809.5 1253.2 404.8 626.6 345.0 427.8 0.4 0.3
Xianyang 5.9 1.2 927.9 1436.3 463.9 718.2 299.9 558.3 0.3 0.4
Weinan 9.0 1.9 1425.8 2207.1 712.9 1103.6 407.0 640.0 0.3 0.3
Yan’an 2.5 0.5 394.7 611.0 197.4 305.5 117.8 195.0 0.3 0.3
Hanzhong 4.3 0.9 679.6 1052.0 339.8 526.0 426.0 727.8 0.6 0.7
Yulin 12.4 2.5 1960.0 3034.2 980.0 1517.1 366.4 572.1 0.2 0.2
Ankang 3.8 0.8 597.1 924.3 298.5 462.1 329.2 559.6 0.6 0.6
Shangluo 2.7 0.6 427.6 661.9 213.8 331.0 171.1 242.5 0.4 0.4
Tab.8  Animal husbandry environmental carrying capacity, actual quantity of livestock and poultry farmed, and LM pollution risk index in Shaanxi Province in 2021
Fig.5  Biogas potential of LM in Shaanxi Province from 1985 to 2021.
City Biogas potential (million m3·yr-1)
Cow Pig Sheep Poultry Total
Xi’an 71.9 46.7 8.7 21.8 149.1
Tongchuan 18.3 11.4 4.0 9.6 43.3
Baoji 398.5 102.3 66.7 23.3 590.8
Xianyang 193.3 199.9 50.3 32.0 475.4
Weinan 289.3 212.6 68.9 62.6 633.4
Yan’an 88.6 61.4 73.4 11.4 234.8
Hanzhong 356.6 243.6 33.8 32.7 666.7
Yulin 265.3 147.6 644.5 29.4 1086.8
Ankang 264.5 185.7 67.8 28.3 546.3
Shangluo 97.0 80.8 27.0 42.0 246.8
Tab.9  Biogas potential of cities in Shaanxi Province according to statistical data for 2021
Year Total carbon emissions (104 t·yr–1) Year Total carbon emissions (104 t·yr–1)
2012 198.50 2017 221.92
2013 196.06 2018 220.09
2014 204.41 2019 213.03
2015 201.05 2020 222.68
2016 197.83 2021 224.97
Tab.10  Total carbon emissions of animal husbandry in Shaanxi Province from 2012 to 2021
Year Optimal total carbon emissions (104 t·yr–1) Year Optimal total carbon emissions (104 t·yr–1)
2012 123.08 2017 141.99
2013 131.01 2018 120.31
2014 130.53 2019 213.03
2015 131.16 2020 222.68
2016 197.83 2021 224.97
Tab.11  Optimal total carbon emissions of animal husbandry in Shaanxi Province from 2012 to 2021
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