A review of research progress on continuous cropping obstacles

doi:10.15302/J-FASE-2024543

Front. Agr. Sci. Eng.

2024, Vol. 11

Issue (2) : 253-270 https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2024543

A review of research progress on continuous cropping obstacles

Kunguang WANG¹, Qiaofang LU¹, Zhechao DOU¹, Zhiguang CHI¹, Dongming CUI¹, Jing MA¹, Guowei WANG², Jialing KUANG³, Nanqi WANG¹, Yuanmei ZUO¹(

)

¹. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
². College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
³. Yunnan ICL YTH Phosphate Research and Technology Co., Ltd., Kunming 650228, China

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Abstract

● Continuous cropping obstacles (CCOs) cause, on average, 22% reduction in crop production, seriously threatening sustainable agricultural development.

● Changes in the soil ecological environment are an essential and easily overlooked cause of CCOs.

● Studying CCOs from the perspective of the soil microbial food web may provide new approaches for explaining the formation mechanism of CCOs and controlling soilborne pathogens.

● Not all continuous cropping systems have CCOs, and some systems may enrich beneficial microorganisms to form healthy and disease-suppressive soil.

Due to the increasing global population and limited land resources, continuous cropping has become common. However, after a few years of continuous cropping, obstacles often arise that cause soil degeneration, decreased crop yield and quality, and increased disease incidence, resulting in significant economic losses. It is essential to understand the causes and mitigation mechanisms of continuous cropping obstacles (CCOs) and then develop appropriate methods to overcome them. This review systematically summarizes the causes and mitigation measures of soil degradation in continuous cropping through a meta-analysis. It was concluded that not all continuous cropping systems are prone to CCOs. Therefore, it is necessary to grasp the principles governing the occurrence of diseases caused by soilborne pathogens in different cropping systems, consider plant–soil-organisms interactions as a system, scientifically regulate the physical and chemical properties of soils from a systems perspective, and then regulate the structure of microbial food webs in the soil to achieve a reduction in diseases caused by soilborne pathogens and increase crop yield ultimately. This review provides reference data and guidance for addressing this fundamental problem.

Keywords Continuous cropping obstacles rhizosphere regulation soil microecological environment

Corresponding Author(s): Yuanmei ZUO

Just Accepted Date: 25 January 2024 Online First Date: 28 February 2024 Issue Date: 13 June 2024

Cite this article:

Kunguang WANG,Qiaofang LU,Zhechao DOU, et al. A review of research progress on continuous cropping obstacles[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2024, 11(2): 253-270.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/10.15302/J-FASE-2024543
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/Y2024/V11/I2/253

Fig.1 Overview of research on CCOs: (a) numbers of articles and citations related to CCOs published over time; (b) main research fields related to continuous cropping; and (c) proportion of studies on continuous cropping in different countries.

Fig.2 Distribution of the database on different crops. (a) National distribution of study sites included in the meta-analysis; (b) proportions of crop types in the continuous cropping database; (c) proportions of various crops in the continuous cropping database; (d) proportions of different causes of continuous cropping obstacles.

Fig.3 Effects of continuous cropping on the physicochemical properties of soils. (a) Response ratio (RR) of physicochemical properties; (b) RR of acidification or alkalization; (c) meta-regression analysis of acidification degree in different continuous cropping years. TN, total nitrogen; AN, available nitrogen; NH₄⁺, ammonia nitrogen; NO₃^–, nitrate nitrogen; TP, total phosphorus; AP, available phosphorus; TK, total potassium; AK, available potassium; OM, organic matter; TC, total carbon; C:N, carbon-to-nitrogen ratio; EC, cation exchange capacity; pH–, observations of acidified soil under continuous cropping; and pH+, observations on alkalized soil under continuous cropping. Red and green dots indicate studies on acidification and soil alkalinization caused by continuous cropping. The dashed line indicates mean RR = 0. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals (CIs); numbers at the top and bottom of the CI are the numbers of observations. If a 95% CI did not overlap zero, the effect of continuous cropping on the variable was considered significant at various levels (^?P < 0.1; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.001; and ***P < 0.0001).

Crop types	Crops	Allelochemicals and performance	Sources
Food crops	Barley	Barley root exudates inhibit root development in barley seedlings and weeds	[36]
	Rice	Some specialized metabolites found in rice straw have been proposed to be autotoxic: phenolic acids (e.g., ferulic acid (FA), o-hydroxy phenylacetic acid and p-coumaric acid), flavonoids, and terpenoids	[37]
	Potato	Water extracts from different organs of the potato exhibited an apparent inhibitory effect on the growth of the potato, and the extracts from the stem and leaves had a significant inhibitory effect on the height of the potato; the root extracts significantly inhibited the number of branches and stem diameter	[38]
	Wheat	DIMBOA is a specific allelopathic substance of wheat and other grass plants and plays a vital role in antibacterial, insect-resistant, and weed suppression	[39,40]
Economic crops	Peanut	Continuous cropping for 5 years; accumulation of phenolic acids in peanut rhizosphere; destruction of soil microbial community. Continuous cropping for four years; substances in peanut root exudates (e.g., myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid and coumaric acid) inhibited peanut growth	[41,42]
	Tobacco	β-cembrenediol, di-n-hexyl phthalate, and bis(2-propylheptyl) phthalate showed observable autotoxic activities on tobacco	[43]
Vegetable crops	Tomato	Continuous cropping for 7 years; accumulation of root exudate fatty acids in soil; tomato growth inhibition	[44]
	Cowpea	Continuous cropping for 8 years; accumulation of organic acids (e.g., cinnamic and phenylacetic acid) in soil inhibited cowpea growth	[45]
Fruit crops	Strawberry	Continuous cropping for 12 years; accumulation of phenolic acids such as p-hydroxybenzoic acid in soil	[46]
	Melon	The content of chlorophyll and carotenoid, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, water-use efficiency, and transpiration rate decreased significantly in melon seedlings under autotoxicity	[47]
Medicinal crops	Pseudostellaria heterophylla	Continuous cropping for 3 years; accumulation of soil tartaric acid, succinic acid, and other organic acids; imbalance of soil microbial community	[48]
	Panax notoginseng	Continuous cropping for 3 years; accumulation of soil phenolic acids; imbalance of microbial community	[49]
Forage crops	Alfalfa	Root exudates and plant extracts negatively affect several traits related to germination and plant growth in the model legume Medicargo truncatula. Autotoxicity caused different oxidative stress strategies for the two alfalfa cultivars	[50,51]
	Forage rape	The residues of cultivated rape leave adverse effects on future crops; the observed effects are a reduction in plant dry weight, height, number of tillers per plant, and grain yield	[52]

Tab.1 Allelochemicals of different plants and their harmful effects on plants

Fig.4 Current status of research on the causes of continuous cropping obstacles. (a)The proportion of research on different biological communities in continuous cropping obstacles; (b) the number of studies on different numbers of biological communities (1 means studying only one community, 2 means studying the interaction of 2 communities, 3 means studying the interaction of 3 communities, and so forth); (c) microbial diversity index and community structure of bacteria and fungi in bulk soil and rhizosphere soil under continuous cropping. The dashed line indicates mean RR = 0. Error bars represent 95% CIs; numbers at the top and bottom of the CIs are the numbers of observations. If a 95% CI did not overlap zero, the effect of continuous cropping on the variable was considered significant at various levels (^?P < 0.1; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.001; and ***P < 0.0001).

Fig.5 Effects of continuous cropping on crop growth and disease index. (a) Response ratio (RR) of crop growth-related indicators; (b) RR of crop yield; (c) RR of the disease index for different soilborne pathogens. The dashed line indicates mean RR = 0. Error bars represent 95% CIs; numbers close to the CI are the numbers of observations. If a 95% CI did not overlap zero, the effect of continuous cropping on the variable was considered significant at various levels (^?P < 0.1; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.001; and ***P < 0.0001).

Incidence pattern	Crop	Disease	Continuous cropping period and performance	Source
Persistent severe	Watermelon	Unknown	21 years of continuous cropping changes soil physical and chemical properties and microbial community composition, thereby reducing watermelon yields	[59]
	Cucumber	Unknown	During 20 years of continuous cropping, soil degradation caused cucumber yield and quality to continue to decrease	[60]
	Vanilla	Stem rot	During the 21 years of continuous cropping, stem rot became more serious yearly. Soil weakness and vanilla stem wilt disease after long-term continuous cropping can be attributed to the alteration of the soil microbial community membership and structure, i.e., the reduction of the beneficial microbes and the accumulation of the fungal pathogen	[61]
	Maize	BlightEar rot	The highest disease incidence of seedling blight and ear rot was 8.2% in 20 years of continuous cropping and 13% in 30 years, respectively	[62]
	Sugarcane	Unknown	Continuous cropping for 30 years changes microbial communities by changing soil physical and chemical properties, thereby causing crop yield reductions	[63]
	American ginsengPanax notoginsengAconitum carmichaeli	Root rot	Severe diseases occur in short-term continuous cropping of such medicinal crops, but the impact of long-term continuous cropping on diseases is unknown	[64–66]
	Soybean	Root rot	During 20 years of continuous cropping, harmful microorganisms decreased, beneficial microorganisms increased, and diseases were reduced	[67]
Reduced in later stages	Wheat	Take-all	Wheat take-all disease is reduced in the late stage of continuous cropping. Pseudomonas fluorescens that produce the antibiotic 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol are the major determinant of the suppressiveness of take-all	[68–70]
Reduced in later stages	Soybean	Unknown	During 13 years of continuous cropping, the abundance of archaea increased, and the abundance of harmful microorganisms decreased. Archaeal communities perform an important role in maintaining microbial stability under long-term continuous cropping systems	[10]
	Soybean	Cyst nematode	Continuous cropping reduces the abundance of soil cyst nematodes by increasing the abundance of beneficial soil microorganisms	[12]
	Tobacco	Unknown	The continuous cropping obstacles were severe in the first 5 years; however, after 15 years, the yield gradually recovered, and the soilborne pathogens were significantly inhibited	[71]
	Wheat	Bare patch	In the 5th to 7th year of continuous cropping, the area of bare patches reaches a peak, starts to decrease in the 8th year, and approaches 0 in the 11th year	[72]
Continuous fluctuation	Banana	Wilt	The disease occurred seriously after 6 and 11 years of continuous cropping but was milder after 1 and 10 years	[73]
Continuous fluctuation	Cotton	Unknown	Cropping is the leading cause of changes in the structure of the bacteria community; however, the new structure formed under the continued duress of long-term cotton cultivation, and the associated farming methods gradually stabilized after 10 years of repeated fluctuations	[74]

Tab.2 Incidence patterns of disease caused by soilborne pathogens in continuous cropping soils

Fig.6 Effects of continuous cropping years on crop yield reduction. Blue dots indicate the effect value corresponding to each observation point; point size is proportional to its weight. The red line represents the fitting curve, and the shading represents the 95% CI.

Fig.7 Conceptual model of the effects and the regulation mechanisms of continuous cropping on plant growth, soil physical and chemical properties, and soil microbial communities and their interactions.

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