● A precision symmetric finger-clamping garlic seed-metering device was designed.

This study aimed to address the sowing quality problems commonly encountered in the mechanized process of sowing garlic seeds, such as a low single-seed rate. To rectify these types of issues, the symmetric seed-collection spoons and the seed-distribution plate structures were designed based on an existing finger clip plate garlic seed-metering device. First, the optimal installation angle of the seed-distribution plate and optimal number of seed-collection spoons were determined using single-factor simulation tests based on discrete element method-multibody dynamics (DEM-MBD) coupling, and the effects of different seed-collection spoon tapers, finger clip gradual closing angles, and seed tray rotation speeds on the performance of the seed-metering device were analyzed. Second, based on the single-factor simulation tests, a quadratic regression orthogonal rotary combination simulation test was conducted using the taper of the seed-collection spoon, finger clip gradual closing angle, and seed tray rotation speed as the test factors and the single-seed rate (1 seed per spoon), empty rate (0 seed per spoon), and multiple-seed rate (≥ 2 seeds per spoon) as the test indices. Parameter optimization was performed using an established regression model. Finally, bench tests were conducted to verify the reliability of the simulation results. The results showed that the optimal parameter combinations were a seed-collection spoon taper of 1.6, a finger clip gradual closing angle of 21.4°, and a seed tray rotation speed of 31.5 r·min⁻¹. Also, the seed-metering device exhibited a single-seed rate of 94.2%, an empty rate of 2.1%, and a multiple-seed rate of 3.7%.

● It is crucial to comprehensively summarize remediation technologies and identify future development directions.

Metal(loid) pollution has emerged as a pressing environmental issue in agriculture, garnering extensive public attention. Metal(loid)s are potentially toxic substances that infiltrate the soil through diverse pathways, leading to food chain contamination via plant uptake and subsequent animal exposure. This poses a serious threat to environmental quality, food security, and human health. Hence, the remediation of metal(loid)-contaminated agricultural soil is an urgent concern demanding immediate attention. Presently, the majority of research papers concentrate on established, isolated remediation technologies, often overlooking comprehensive field management approaches. It is imperative to provide a comprehensive summary of remediation technologies and identify future development directions. This review aims to comprehensively summarize a range of soil remediation and enhancement technologies, incorporating insights from multiple disciplines including physics, chemistry, biology, and their interdisciplinary intersections. The review examines the mechanisms of action, suitable scenarios, advantages, disadvantages, and benefits associated with each remediation technology. Particularly relevant is the examination of metal(loid) sources, as well as the mechanisms behind both established and innovative, efficient remediation and enhancement technologies. Additionally, the future evolution of remediation technologies are considered with the aim of offering a scientific research foundation and inspiration to fellow researchers. This is intended to facilitate the advancement of remediation technologies and establish a robust foundation for sustainable development of soil.