Please wait a minute...
Frontiers of Computer Science

ISSN 2095-2228

ISSN 2095-2236(Online)

CN 10-1014/TP

Postal Subscription Code 80-970

2018 Impact Factor: 1.129

Front. Comput. Sci.    2025, Vol. 19 Issue (2) : 192807    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11704-024-2775-2
Information Security
A blockchain-oriented covert communication technology with controlled security level based on addressing confusion ciphertext
Lejun ZHANG1,2,3,4,5, Bo ZHANG3, Ran GUO6(), Zhujun WANG3, Guopeng WANG2, Jing QIU1, Shen SU1, Yuan LIU1, Guangxia XU1, Zhihong TIAN1, Sergey GATAULLIN7,8
1. Cyberspace Institute Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
2. Research and Development Center for E-Learning, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100039, China
3. College of Information Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
4. School Math and Computer Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China
5. Pazhou Lab, Guangzhou 510330, China
6. School of Physics and Materials Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
7. Central Economic and Mathematics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117418, Russia
8. Industrial Programming Department, MIREA-Russian Technological University, Moscow 119454, Russia
 Download: PDF(617 KB)   HTML
 Export: BibTeX | EndNote | Reference Manager | ProCite | RefWorks
Corresponding Author(s): Ran GUO   
Issue Date: 11 September 2024
 Cite this article:   
Lejun ZHANG,Bo ZHANG,Ran GUO, et al. A blockchain-oriented covert communication technology with controlled security level based on addressing confusion ciphertext[J]. Front. Comput. Sci., 2025, 19(2): 192807.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcs/EN/10.1007/s11704-024-2775-2
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcs/EN/Y2025/V19/I2/192807
Fig.1  Controlled security level covert communication scheme based on Bitcoin address confusion ciphertext
  
HMAC-based MBE [2] Hash-based MBE [2] BLOCCE [3] V-BLOCCE [4] CCBRSN [5] NCCM [6] SCCCE [7] KDS [8] CSLCCB
s=0 s=1 s=2 s=3 s=4
Embedding rate 14.07 bit/t (average) 28.12 bit/t(average) 1bit/address 3+ byte/address ? ? 29 bit/t ? (R×EL) byte/address
Information transmission efficiency(The number of transactions) 57 29 1600~1800 20~25 ? ? 28 ? 4 6 8 9 11
Is security controllable No No No No No No No No Yes
D-value of KS test 0.11093 0.09455 ? ? ? ? 0.40556 0.91694 0.04817
Tab.1  Performance comparison with other schemes
1 B W Lampson . A note on the confinement problem. Communications of the ACM, 1973, 16( 10): 613–615
2 S, Liu Z, Fang F, Gao B, Koussainov Z, Zhang J, Liu L Zhu . Whispers on Ethereum: Blockchain-based covert data embedding schemes. In: Proceedings of the 2nd ACM International Symposium on Blockchain and Secure Critical Infrastructure. 2020, 171–179
3 J Partala . Provably secure covert communication on blockchain. Cryptography, 2018, 2( 3): 18
4 L, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Wang R, Waqas C, Zhao S, Kim H Chen . A covert communication method using special bitcoin addresses generated by vanitygen. Computers, Materials & Continua, 2020, 65( 1): 597–616
5 W, Wang C Su . CCBRSN: a system with high embedding capacity for covert communication in bitcoin. In: Proceedings of the 35th IFIP TC 11 International Conference on ICT Systems Security and Privacy Protection. 2020, 324–337
6 X, Luo P, Zhang M, Zhang H, Li Q Cheng . A novel covert communication method based on bitcoin transaction. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2022, 18( 4): 2830–2839
7 A I, Basuki D Rosiyadi . Joint transaction-image steganography for high capacity covert communication. In: Proceedings of 2019 International Conference on Computer, Control, Informatics and its Applications (IC3INA). 2019, 41–46
8 F, Gao L, Zhu K, Gai C, Zhang S Liu . Achieving a covert channel over an open blockchain network. IEEE Network, 2020, 34( 2): 6–13
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited

  Shared   
  Discussed