1. College of Physics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China 2. State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
Over the past few decades, significant progress has been made in thin-film optoelectronic devices based on transition metal dichalcogenides. However, the exciton states’ sensitivity to the environment presents challenges for device applications. This study reports the evolution of photoinduced exciton states in monolayer tungsten disulfide in a low-pressure environment to help elucidate the physical mechanism of the transition between neutral and charged excitons. At 222 mTorr, the transition rate between excitons comprises two components: 0.09 s–1 and 1.68 s–1. Based on this phenomenon, we developed a pressure-tuning method that allows for a tuning range of approximately 40% of exciton weight. Our study demonstrates that the intensity of neutral exciton emission from monolayer tungsten disulfide follows a power-law distribution in relation to pressure, indicating a highly sensitive pressure dependence. We provide a nondestructive and highly sensitive method for exciton conversion through in situ optical manipulation. This highlights the potential development of monolayer tungsten disulfide for pressure sensors and explains the impact of environmental factors on the product quality in photovoltaic devices. In addition, it demonstrates the promising future of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides in applications such as photovoltaic devices and miniature biochemical sensors.
M H Naik , E C Regan , Z Zhang , Y H Chan , Z Li , D Wang , Y Yoon , C S Ong , W Zhao , S Zhao . et al.. Intralayer charge-transfer moiré excitons in van der Waals superlattices. Nature, 2022, 609(7925): 52–57 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04991-9
2
R Su , M Kuiri , K Watanabe , T Taniguchi , J Folk . Superconductivity in twisted double bilayer graphene stabilized by WSe2. Nature Materials, 2023, 22(11): 1332–1337 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-023-01653-7
3
Y Wang , T Seki , X Yu , C C Yu , K Y Chiang , K F Domke , J Hunger , Y Chen , Y Nagata , M Bonn . Chemistry governs water organization at a graphene electrode. Nature, 2023, 615(7950): E1–E2 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05669-y
4
Y Cao , P Qu , C Wang , J Zhou , M Li , X Yu , X Yu , J Pang , W Zhou , H Liu . et al.. Epitaxial growth of vertically aligned antimony selenide nanorod arrays for heterostructure based self-powered photodetector. Advanced Optical Materials, 2022, 10(19): 2200816 https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.202200816
5
Y Li , S Huang , S Peng , H Jia , J Pang , B Ibarlucea , C Hou , Y Cao , W Zhou , H Liu . et al.. Toward smart sensing by MXene. Small, 2023, 19(14): 2206126 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202206126
6
J Zhou , J Zhu , W He , Y Cao , J Pang , J Ni , J Zhang . Selective preferred orientation for high-performance antimony selenide thin-film solar cells via substrate surface modulation. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2023, 938: 168593 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.168593
7
Y Cao , C Liu , T Yang , Y Zhao , Y Na , C Jiang , J Zhou , J Pang , H Liu , M H Rummeli . et al.. Gradient bandgap modification for highly efficient carrier transport in antimony sulfide-selenide tandem solar cells. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2022, 246: 111926 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2022.111926
8
J Pang , S Peng , C Hou , H Zhao , Y Fan , C Ye , N Zhang , T Wang , Y Cao , W Zhou . Applications of graphene in five senses, nervous system, and artificial muscles. ACS Sensors, 2023, 8(2): 482–514 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.2c02790
9
C Schneider , M M Glazov , T Korn , S Höfling , B Urbaszek . Two-dimensional semiconductors in the regime of strong light-matter coupling. Nature Communications, 2018, 9(1): 2695 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04866-6
10
A Chaves , J G Azadani , H Alsalman , D R da Costa , R Frisenda , A J Chaves , S H Song , Y D Kim , D He , J Zhou . et al.. Bandgap engineering of two-dimensional semiconductor materials. npj 2D Materials and Applications, 2020, 4(1): 1–21
11
C Cui , F Xue , W J Hu , L J Li . Two-dimensional materials with piezoelectric and ferroelectric functionalities. npj 2D Materials and Applications, 2018, 2(1): 1–14
12
Z Peng , X Chen , Y Fan , D J Srolovitz , D Lei . Strain engineering of 2D semiconductors and graphene: from strain fields to band-structure tuning and photonic applications. Light, Science & Applications, 2020, 9(1): 190 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-020-00421-5
13
C Qin , Y Gao , Z Qiao , L Xiao , S Jia . Atomic-layered MoS2 as a tunable optical platform. Advanced Optical Materials, 2016, 4(10): 1429–1456 https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201600323
14
S Han , C Boguschewski , Y Gao , L Xiao , J Zhu , P H M van Loosdrecht . Incoherent phonon population and exciton-exciton annihilation dynamics in monolayer WS2 revealed by time-resolved resonance Raman scattering. Optics Express, 2019, 27(21): 29949–29961 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.27.029949
15
A Chernikov , A M van der Zande , H M Hill , A F Rigosi , A Velauthapillai , J Hone , T F Heinz . Electrical Tuning of exciton binding energies in monolayer WS2. Physical Review Letters, 2015, 115(12): 126802 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.126802
16
L Guo , C A Chen , Z M Zhang , D Monahan , Y H R Lee , G Fleming . Lineshape characterization of excitons in monolayer WS2 by two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy. Nanoscale Advances, 2020, 2(6): 2333–2338 https://doi.org/10.1039/D0NA00240B
17
R J Gelly , D Renaud , X Liao , B Pingault , S Bogdanovic , G Scuri , K Watanabe , T Taniguchi , B Urbaszek , H Park . et al.. Probing dark exciton navigation through a local strain landscape in a WSe2 monolayer. Nature Communications, 2022, 13(1): 232 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27877-2
18
S Han , X Liang , C Qin , Y Gao , Y Song , S Wang , X Su , G Zhang , R Chen , J Hu . et al.. Criteria for assessing the interlayer coupling of van der Waals heterostructures using ultrafast pump-probe photoluminescence spectroscopy. ACS Nano, 2021, 15(8): 12966–12974 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c01787
19
C Yang , Y Gao , C Qin , X Liang , S Han , G Zhang , R Chen , J Hu , L Xiao , S Jia . All-optical reversible manipulation of exciton and trion emissions in monolayer WS2. Nanomaterials, 2019, 10(1): 23 https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010023
20
A P Nayak , Z Yuan , B Cao , J Liu , J Wu , S T Moran , T Li , D Akinwande , C Jin , J F Lin . Pressure-modulated conductivity, carrier density, and mobility of multilayered tungsten disulfide. ACS Nano, 2015, 9(9): 9117–9123 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b03295
21
A Sharma , Y Zhu , R Halbich , X Sun , L Zhang , B Wang , Y Lu . Engineering the dynamics and transport of excitons, trions, and biexcitons in monolayer WS2. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2022, 14(36): 41165–41177 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c08199
22
S Conti , L Pimpolari , G Calabrese , R Worsley , S Majee , D K Polyushkin , M Paur , S Pace , D H Keum , F Fabbri . et al.. Low-voltage 2D materials-based printed field-effect transistors for integrated digital and analog electronics on paper. Nature Communications, 2020, 11(1): 3566 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17297-z
23
D H Lien , M Amani , S B Desai , G H Ahn , K Han , J H He , J W III Ager , M C Wu , A Javey . Large-area and bright pulsed electroluminescence in monolayer semiconductors. Nature Communications, 2018, 9(1): 1229 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03218-8
24
M Sajid , A Osman , G U Siddiqui , H B Kim , S W Kim , J B Ko , Y K Lim , K H Choi . All-printed highly sensitive 2D MoS2 based multi-reagent immunosensor for smartphone based point-of-care diagnosis. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7(1): 5802 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-06265-1
25
Y Yu , P W K Fong , S Wang , C Surya . Fabrication of WS2/GaN p-n junction by wafer-scale WS2 thin film transfer. Scientific Reports, 2016, 6(1): 37833 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep37833
26
F Tagarelli , E Lopriore , D Erkensten , R Perea-Causín , S Brem , J Hagel , Z Sun , G Pasquale , K Watanabe , T Taniguchi . et al.. Electrical control of hybrid exciton transport in a van der Waals heterostructure. Nature Photonics, 2023, 17(7): 615–621 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-023-01198-w
27
X Ma , R Zhang , C An , S Wu , X Hu , J Liu . Efficient doping modulation of monolayer WS2 for optoelectronic applications. Chinese Physics B, 2019, 28(3): 037803 https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/28/3/037803
28
P K Chow , R B Jacobs-Gedrim , J Gao , T M Lu , B Yu , H Terrones , N Koratkar . Defect-induced photoluminescence in monolayer semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides. ACS Nano, 2015, 9(2): 1520–1527 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn5073495
29
I Paradisanos , S Germanis , N T Pelekanos , C Fotakis , E Kymakis , G Kioseoglou , E Stratakis . Room temperature observation of biexcitons in exfoliated WS2 monolayers. Applied Physics Letters, 2017, 110(19): 193102 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4983285
30
B Zhu , X Chen , X Cui . Exciton binding energy of monolayer WS2. Scientific Reports, 2015, 5(1): 9218 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep09218
31
M S Kim , S J Yun , Y Lee , C Seo , G H Han , K K Kim , Y H Lee , J Kim . Biexciton emission from edges and grain boundaries of triangular WS2 monolayers. ACS Nano, 2016, 10(2): 2399–2405 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b07214
32
X Liang , C Qin , Y Gao , S Han , G Zhang , R Chen , J Hu , L Xiao , S Jia . Reversible engineering of spin-orbit splitting in monolayer MoS2 via laser irradiation under controlled gas atmospheres. Nanoscale, 2021, 13(19): 8966–8975 https://doi.org/10.1039/D1NR00019E
33
L Li , Z Y Zeng , T Liang , M Tang , Y Cheng . Elastic properties and electronic structure of WS2 under pressure from first-principles calculations. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung. Section A. Physical Sciences, 2017, 72(4): 295–301 https://doi.org/10.1515/zna-2016-0398
34
Z Chen , J Li , T Li , T Fan , C Meng , C Li , J Kang , L Chai , Y Hao , Y A Tang . et al.. CRISPR/Cas12a-empowered surface plasmon resonance platform for rapid and specific diagnosis of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2. National Science Review, 2022, 9(8): nwac104 https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwac104
35
F Zheng , Z Chen , J Li , R Wu , B Zhang , G Nie , Z Xie , H Zhang . A highly sensitive CRISPR-empowered surface plasmon resonance sensor for diagnosis of inherited diseases with femtomolar-level real-time quantification. Advanced Science, 2022, 9(14): 2105231 https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202105231
36
T Xue , W Liang , Y Li , Y Sun , Y Xiang , Y Zhang , Z Dai , Y Duo , L Wu , K Qi . et al.. Ultrasensitive detection of miRNA with an antimonene-based surface plasmon resonance sensor. Nature Communications, 2019, 10(1): 28 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07947-8
37
S Xu , J Sun , L Weng , Y Hua , W Liu , A Neville , M Hu , X Gao . In-situ friction and wear responses of WS2 films to space environment: vacuum and atomic oxygen. Applied Surface Science, 2018, 447: 368–373 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.04.012
38
J Jadczak , J Kutrowska-Girzycka , P Kapuściński , Y S Huang , A Wójs , L Bryja . Probing of free and localized excitons and trions in atomically thin WSe2, WS2, MoSe2 and MoS2 in photoluminescence and reflectivity experiments. Nanotechnology, 2017, 28(39): 395702 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aa87d0
