Biodegradation and detoxification of the triphenylmethane dye coomassie brilliant blue by the extracellular enzymes from mycelia of <i>Lactarius deliciosus</i>

doi:10.1007/s11705-020-1952-7

Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.

2021, Vol. 15

Issue (2) : 421-436 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-020-1952-7

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Biodegradation and detoxification of the triphenylmethane dye coomassie brilliant blue by the extracellular enzymes from mycelia of Lactarius deliciosus

Jin Zhao¹, Qing-Xi Wu^1,²(

), Xiao-Du Cheng¹, Ting Su¹, Xiao-Hui Wang¹, Wen-Na Zhang^1,², Yong-Ming Lu^1,², Yan Chen^1,²(

)

¹. School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
². Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, China

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Abstract

Fungi play an important role in dying wastewater treatment. In this work, the mycelia of Lactarius deliciosus exhibited an excellent capacity in decolorizing coomassie brilliant blue (CBB). The results demonstrated that the mycelia could treat CBB with high concentrations over a broad range of pH and temperature. The decolorization rate of 99.19% and the removal rate of 16.31 mg·L^‒1·h were realized. The mycelia could be recycled from decolorizing process for 19 times, indicating a good re-usability. It verified that the lignin peroxidase (121.65 U·L^‒1) and manganese peroxidase (36.77 U·L^‒1) were involved in the degradation and decolorization process of CBB. Toxicity assessments indicated the seed germination rate was up to 82.22% while inhibition to Escherichia coli decreased dramatically and no significant effect on Caenorhabditis elegans growth was found. The removal of CBB was a synergistic process accomplished by adsorption and biodegradation. The mycelia could be used for eco-friendly CBB treatment.

Keywords fungus mycelia biodegradation extracellular enzymes coomassie brilliant blue Lactarius deliciosus

Corresponding Author(s): Qing-Xi Wu,Yan Chen

Just Accepted Date: 16 July 2020 Online First Date: 17 September 2020 Issue Date: 10 March 2021

Cite this article:

Jin Zhao,Qing-Xi Wu,Xiao-Du Cheng, et al. Biodegradation and detoxification of the triphenylmethane dye coomassie brilliant blue by the extracellular enzymes from mycelia of Lactarius deliciosus[J]. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2021, 15(2): 421-436.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-020-1952-7
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2021/V15/I2/421

Fig.1 Schematic illustration of the mycelia cultivation from the fruiting body of L. deliciosus.

Fig.2 Decolorization efficiency of CBB with the L. deliciosus mycelia performed in the culture media. (a) Decolorization rates of CBB with concentrations of 25?100 mg·L^?¹; (b) decolorization rates of CBB with concentrations of 400?800 mg·L^?¹; (c) removal rates of CBB with concentrations of 25?100 mg·L^?¹; (d) removal rates of CBB with concentrations of 400?800 mg·L^?¹; (e) CBB solutions before decolorization process with concentrations of 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600, 800 mg·L^?¹ presented in lanes 1?7 respectively; (f) CBB solutions after decolorization process with concentrations of 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600, 800 mg·L^?¹ presented in lanes 1?7 respectively.

Fig.3 Effects of treatment parameters on CBB decolorization efficiency with the 50 mg?L^?¹ samples. (a) Effect of agitation speed on CBB decolorization rates; (b) effect of agitation speed on CBB removal rates; (c) effect of pH on CBB decolorization rates; (d) effect of pH on CBB removal rates; (e) effect of temperature on CBB decolorization rates; (f) effect of temperature on CBB removal rates.

Fig.4 Decolorization efficiency of the CBB performed with the recycled L. deliciosus mycelia through batch processing. (a) First cycle; (b) second to seventh cycle; (c) eighth to thirteenth cycle; (d) fourteenth to nineteenth cycle.

Fig.5 Variation of extracellular enzymes activity, biomass and pH during the decolorization process with the mycelia. Comparisons were made regarding significant differences of the first point of 48 h at ^*P<0.05 and ^**P<0.01, respectively.

Fig.6 Effects of temperature and pH on extracellular enzyme activities produced by the mycelia.

Tab.1 The kinetic parameters of extracellular enzymes produced by L. deliciosus mycelia

Fig.7 The supposed degradation pathway of CBB by the mycelia of L. deliciosus.

Fig.8 Phytotoxicity of the decolorized water on wheat seeds growth. (a) Germination rate; (b) root length; (c) plumule length. * indicates statistical significance at P<0.05; ** indicates statistical significance at P<0.01.

Tab.2 Toxicity of the CBB dye solution (0 h) and the decolorized water on growth of E. coli in plate

Fig.9 Effects of the decolorized water on body length and locomotion behavior of C. elegans. (a) Body length; (b) head thrashes; (c) body bends. * indicates statistical significance at P<0.05; ** indicates statistical significance at P<0.01.

Fig.10 Effects of the decolorized water on C. elegans. (a) Representative images showing the intestinal autofluorescence in C. elegans after exposure to the decolorized water at different treatment periods; (b) comparison of intestinal autofluorescence intensities in C. elegans after exposure to the decolorized water at different treatment periods. * indicates statistical significance at P<0.05; ** indicates statistical significance at P<0.01.

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