Membrane bioreactors for hospital wastewater treatment: recent advancements in membranes and processes

doi:10.1007/s11705-021-2107-1

Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.

2022, Vol. 16

Issue (5) : 634-660 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-021-2107-1

REVIEW ARTICLE

Membrane bioreactors for hospital wastewater treatment: recent advancements in membranes and processes

Yan Zhao¹, Yangbo Qiu², Natalie Mamrol³, Longfei Ren², Xin Li¹, Jiahui Shao²(

), Xing Yang¹(

), Bart van der Bruggen¹(

)

¹. Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
². School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
³. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

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Abstract

Discharged hospital wastewater contains various pathogenic microorganisms, antibiotic groups, toxic organic compounds, radioactive elements, and ionic pollutants. These contaminants harm the environment and human health causing the spread of disease. Thus, effective treatment of hospital wastewater is an urgent task for sustainable development. Membranes, with controllable porous and nonporous structures, have been rapidly developed for molecular separations. In particular, membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology demonstrated high removal efficiency toward organic compounds and low waste sludge production. To further enhance the separation efficiency and achieve material recovery from hospital waste streams, novel concepts of MBRs and their applications are rapidly evolved through hybridizing novel membranes (non hydrophilic ultrafiltration/microfiltration) into the MBR units (hybrid MBRs) or the MBR as a pretreatment step and integrating other membrane processes as subsequent secondary purification step (integrated MBR-membrane systems). However, there is a lack of reviews on the latest advancement in MBR technologies for hospital wastewater treatment, and analysis on its major challenges and future trends. This review started with an overview of main pollutants in common hospital wastewater, followed by an understanding on the key performance indicators/criteria in MBR membranes (i.e., solute selectivity) and processes (e.g., fouling). Then, an in-depth analysis was provided into the recent development of hybrid MBR and integrated MBR-membrane system concepts, and applications correlated with wastewater sources, with a particular focus on hospital wastewaters. It is anticipated that this review will shed light on the knowledge gaps in the field, highlighting the potential contribution of hybrid MBRs and integrated MBR-membrane systems toward global epidemic prevention.

Keywords membrane technology membrane bioreactor hospital wastewater hybrid MBR integrated MBR-membrane system

Corresponding Author(s): Jiahui Shao,Xing Yang,Bart van der Bruggen

Online First Date: 25 November 2021 Issue Date: 28 March 2022

Cite this article:

Yan Zhao,Yangbo Qiu,Natalie Mamrol, et al. Membrane bioreactors for hospital wastewater treatment: recent advancements in membranes and processes[J]. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(5): 634-660.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-021-2107-1
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2022/V16/I5/634

Fig.1 The hospital wastewater, community epidemic prevention, and workplace epidemic prevention containing large amounts of water-borne bacteria and viruses, antivirals, antibacterial, and other anti-infectives, organic compounds, and ionic pollutants.

Tab.1 Recently reported typical water-borne viruses and bacteria in hospital wastewater

Tab.2 Discharged antivirals, antibacterials, antimycotics, and metabolites in hospital wastewater

Name		Chemical formula	Molecular weight/(g·mol^–1)	Concentration upper limit/(µg·L^–1)	Ref.
Anti-inflammatory preparations
	Diclofenac	C₁₄H₁₁Cl₂N₁O₂	295.0	0.833 ± 0.179	[87]
	Ibuprofen	C₁₃H₁₈O₂	206.3	7.8	[95]
	Indometacin	C₁₉H₁₆ClNO₄	357.07	0.069 ± 0.080	[87]
	Mefenamic acid	C₁₅H₁₅NO₂	241.2	6.140 ± 1.779	[87]
	Naproxen	C₁₄H₁₄O₃	230.1	<5.6	[87]
	Salicylic acid	C₇H₆O₃	138.1	45.3	[95]
Anti-neoplastics
	Cyclophosphamide	C₇H₁₅Cl₂N₂O₂P	260.0	0.161 ± 0.026	[87]
	Ifosfamide	C₇H₁₅Cl₂N₂O₂P	260.0	0.895 ± 0.293	[87]
Cardiovascular system preparations
	Atenolol	C₁₄H₂₂N₂O₃	266.2	2.315 ± 0.632	[87]
	Atenolol acid (metoprolol acid)	C₁₄H₂₁N₁O₄	267.1	9.840 ± 1.859	[87]
	Bezafibrate	C₁₉H₂₀ClNO₄	361.1	0.063 ± 0.075	[87]
	Clofibric acid	C₁₀H₁₁ClO₃	214.0	<0.07	[87]
	D617	C₁₇H₂₆N₂O₂	290.2	0.155 ± 0.114	[87]
	Furosemide	C₁₂H₁₁ClN₂O₅S	330.0	2.037 ± 0.595	[87]
	Hydrochlorothiazide	C₇H₈ClN₃O₄S₂	297.0	1.995 ± 0.547	[87]
	Metoprolol	C₁₅H₂₅NO₃	267.2	1.325 ± 0.330	[87]
	Propranolol	C₁₆H₂₁NO₂	259.2	0.116 ± 0.041	[87]
	Sotalol	C₁₂H₂₀N₂O₃S	272.1	0.700 ± 0.551	[87]
	Valsartan	C₂₄H₂₉N₅O₃	435.2	3.032 ± 1.282	[87]
	Verapamil	C₂₇H₃₈N₂O₄	454.3	0.030 ± 0.022	[87]
Hormonal preparations
	Bisphenol A	C₁₅H₁₆O₂	228.3	0.833	[84]
	Dexamethasone	C₂₂H₂₉FO₅	392.2	0.147 ± 0.013	[87]
	17β-Estradiol	C₁₈H₂₄O₂	272.4	0.030	[84]
	Estriol	C₁₈H₂₄O₃	288.4	0.092	[84]
	Methylprednisolone	C₂₂H₃₀O₅	374.2	1.420 ± 0.768	[87]
Nervous system preparations
	4-Acetamidoantipyrine	C₁₃H₁₅N₃O₂	245.1	225 ± 89	[87]
	4-Aminoantipyrine	C₁₁H₁₃N₃O₁	203.1	101 ± 44	[87]
	Carbamazepine	C₁₅H₁₂N₂O	236.1	0.222 ± 0.118	[87]
	Diazepam	C₁₆H₁₃ClN₂O	284.1	0.069	[87]
	4-Dimethylaminoantipyrine	C₁₃H₁₇N₃O	231.1	<0.14	[87]
	Fluoxetine	C₁₇H₁₈F₃NO	309.1	<0.03	[87]
	Gabapentin	C₉H₁₇NO₂	171.1	19.40 ± 24.15	[87]
	4-Formylaminoantipyrine	C₁₂H₁₃N₃O₂	231.1	47.88 ± 12.39	[87]
	Levetiracetam	C₈H₁₄N₂O₂	170.1	11.02 ± 6.546	[87]
	Lidocaine	C₁₄H₂₂N₂O	234.2	9.133 ± 8.071	[87]
	4-Methylaminoantipyrine	C₁₂H₁₅N₃O	217.1	218 ± 208	[87]
	Morphine	C₁₇H₁₉NO₃	285.1	3.679 ± 1.834	[87]
	Oxazepam	C₁₅H₁₁ClN₂O₂	286.0	1.123 ± 0.335	[87]
	Paracetamol (acetaminophen)	C₈H₉N₁O₂	151.1	107.0 ± 85.7	[87]
	Phenazone (antipyrine)	C₁₁H₁₂N₂O	188.1	0.162 ± 0.079	[87]
	Primidone	C₁₂H₁₄N₂O₂	218.1	0.383 ± 0.390	[87]
	Ritalinic acid	C₁₃H₁₇NO₂	219.1	0.295 ± 0.142	[87]
	Thiopental	C₁₁H₁₈N₂O₂S	242.1	0.763 ± 0.860	[87]
	Tramadol	C₁₆H₂₅NO₂	263.2	0.958 ± 0.264	[87]
	Venlafaxine	C₁₇H₂₇NO₂	277.2	0.811 ± 0.316	[87]
Other organic compounds
	Caffeine	C₈H₁₀N₄O₂	194.2	25.8	[95]
	Fenofibrate	C₂₀H₂₁ClO₄	360.8	0.6	[95]
	Gemfibrozil	C₁₅H₂₂O₁₃	250.3	2.7	[95]
Disinfectant
	Triclosan	C₁₂H₇Cl₃O₂	289.5	–	[95]
X-ray contrast media
	Diatrizoate (diatrizoic acid)	C₁₁H₉I₃N₂O₄	613.8	348.7 ± 241.0	[87]
	Iohexol	C₁₉H₂₆I₃N₃O₉	820.9	<12	[87]
	Iomeprol	C₁₇H₂₂I₃N₃O₈	776.9	439.0 ± 443.9	[87]
	Iopamidol	C₁₇H₂₂I₃N₃O₈	776.9	2599 ± 1512	[87]
	Iopromide	C₁₈H₂₄I₃N₃O₈	790.9	170.6 ± 156.3	[87]
	Ioxitalamic acid	C₁₂H₁₁I₃N₂O₅	643.8	342.0 ± 197.0	[87]

Tab.3 Persistent organic compounds found in hospital wastewater

Tab.4 Different types of membranes in the MBR process

Fig.3 (a) Aerobic MBR and (b) anaerobic MBR.

Fig.4 (a) Membrane pore size sieving for different sized compounds/ions; (b) electrostatic interaction for charged compounds/ions.

Fig.5 The mechanism of four main fouling types in membrane processes used in wastewater treatment. (a) Biofouling by bacteria, viruses, the formation, and growth of biofilm. Reprinted with permission from ref. [165], copyright 2017, Elsevier. (b) Colloidal fouling mechanism. Reprinted with permission from ref. [172], copyright 2015, Elsevier. (c) Organic fouling. Reprinted with permission from ref. [180], copyright 2016, Springer Nature. (d) Scaling resistance. Reprinted with permission from ref. [183], copyright 2021, Elsevier.

Fig.8 Schematic diagram of NMBR system.

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