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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering

ISSN 2095-0179

ISSN 2095-0187(Online)

CN 11-5981/TQ

Postal Subscription Code 80-969

2018 Impact Factor: 2.809

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Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.    2022, Vol. 16 Issue (5) : 764-773    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-021-2114-2
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Multistage-batch bipolar membrane electrodialysis for base production from high-salinity wastewater
Arif Hussain, Haiyang Yan, Noor Ul Afsar, Chenxiao Jiang, Yaoming Wang(), Tongwen Xu()
Department of Applied Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Functional Membrane Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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Abstract

Bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) is considered a state-of-the-art technology for the conversion of salts into acids and bases. However, the low concentration of base generated from a traditional BMED process may limit the viability of this technology for a large-scale application. Herein, we report an especially designed multistage-batch (two/three-stage-batch) BMED process to increase the base concentration by adjusting different volume ratios in the acid (Vacid), base (Vbase), and salt compartments (Vsalt). The findings indicated that performance of the two-stage-batch with a volume ratio of Vacid:Vbase:Vsalt = 1:1:5 was superior in comparison to the three-stage-batch with a volume ratio of Vacid:Vbase:Vsalt = 1:1:2. Besides, the base concentration could be further increased by exchanging the acid produced in the acid compartment with fresh water in the second stage-batch process. With the two-stage-batch BMED, the maximum concentration of the base can be obtained up to 3.40 mol∙L–1, which was higher than the most reported base production by BMED. The low energy consumption and high current efficiency further authenticate that the designed process is reliable, cost-effective, and more productive to convert saline water into valuable industrial commodities.
Keywords bipolar membrane electrodialysis      multistage-batch      base production      high-salinity wastewater     
Corresponding Author(s): Yaoming Wang,Tongwen Xu   
Online First Date: 16 December 2021    Issue Date: 28 March 2022
 Cite this article:   
Arif Hussain,Haiyang Yan,Noor Ul Afsar, et al. Multistage-batch bipolar membrane electrodialysis for base production from high-salinity wastewater[J]. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(5): 764-773.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-021-2114-2
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2022/V16/I5/764
Membrane Thickness
/mm		 Tensile strength
/MPa		 Area resistance
/(Ω·cm2)		 Functional group Reinforcing membrane matrix Burst strength
/MPa		 Water splitting voltage/V Water splitting efficiency
AM-1 0.11–0.16 ≥0.20 1.2–2.0 R4–N+ PS-DVB+ PVC − − −
CM-2 0.11–0.16 ≥0.15 2.0–4.5 R–SO3– PS-DVB+ PVC − − −
BP-1E 0.22 − − − − ≥0.40 1.2 >0.98
Tab.1  The main properties of the membranes used for the experiments a)
Fig.1  (a) Schematic BMED setup containing (1) a direct current power supply, (2) a membrane stack with four cell pairs, (3) acid chamber, (4) base chamber, (5) rinse solution, (6) feed chamber, and (7) peristaltic pumps; (b) schematic diagram of the BMED cell configuration assemble with CEM, bipolar membrane and AEM; (c) the digital photo of BMED system.
Fig.2  Schemes for multistage-batch BMED design: (a) three-stage-batch BMED with changing salt solution (Vacid:Vbase:Vsalt = 1:1:2); (b) two-stage-batch BMED with changing salt solution (Vacid:Vbase:Vsalt = 1:1:5); (c) two-stage-batch BMED with changing salt and acid solutions (Vacid:Vbase:Vsalt = 1:1:5).
Fig.3  BMED performance in three-stage-batch BMED with changing salt solution: (a) conductivity of salt solution, (b) membrane stack voltage, (c) acid concentration, and (d) base concentration (note: Vacid:Vbase:Vsalt = 1:1:2).
Vacid:Vbase:Vsalt Stage Energy consumption/(kWh?kg–1) Current efficiency/%
HCl NaOH HCl NaOH
1:1:2 First 2.13 1.44 48.92 66.05
Second 1.95 1.45 45.73 56.00
Third 3.56 2.62 31.24 38.79
Tab.2  Energy consumption and current efficiency in three-stage-batch BMED with changing salt solution
Fig.4  BMED performance in two-stage-batch BMED with changing salt solution: (a) conductivity of salt solution, (b) membrane stack voltage, (c) acid concentration, and (d) base concentration (note: Vacid:Vbase:Vsalt = 1:1:5).
Vacid:Vbase:Vsalt Stage Energy consumption/(kWh?kg–1) Current efficiency/%
HCl NaOH HCl NaOH
1:1:5 First 3.44 1.52 28.98 59.93
Second 2.43 2.65 34.54 28.81
Tab.3  Energy consumption and current efficiency in two-stage-batch BMED with changing salt solution
Fig.5  BMED performance in two-stage-batch BMED with changing salt and acid solutions: (a) conductivity of salt solution, (b) membrane stack voltage, (c) acid concentration, and (d) base concentration (note: Vacid:Vbase:Vsalt is 1:1:5).
Vacid:Vbase:Vsalt Stage Energy consumption/(kWh?kg–1) Current efficiency/%
HCl NaOH HCl NaOH
1:1:5 First 3.49 1.54 28.98 59.93
Second 2.36 1.90 36.73 41.73
Tab.4  Energy consumption and current efficiency in two-stage-batch BMED with changing salt and acid solutions
NaCl feed
Concentration
/(mol·L–1)		 Mode of operation Max. HCl
Concentration
/(mol·L–1)		 Max. NaOH
Concentration
/(mol·L–1)		 Current efficiency
/%		 Energy consumption
/(kWh·kg–1)		 Ref.
0.5 Multistage-batch 2.30 3.40 59–41 1.54–1.9 This work
1.71, 3.42 Batch 1.99 2.14 55–88 1.7 [24]
ca. 1.00 Semi continuous 0.98 1.64 44 7.3–4.4 [27]
0.02 Batch ca. 0.2 ca. 0.2 85–35 – [39]
0.6 Batch 0.22 0.29 95 – [38]
0.048–0.390 Continuous 0.05–0.30 0.04–0.30 – 0.09 [42]
ca. 1.00 Batch 0.8 1 61–80 1.94–2.51 [37]
0.65 Batch 0.7 0.4 74–50 7.6–8.2 [40]
1.2 Batch 1.6 1.7 – – [41]
Tab.5  Summary of HCl and NaOH production using different concentration of NaCl as feed in BMED process
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