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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering

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Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.    2022, Vol. 16 Issue (8) : 1165-1197    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-021-2120-4
REVIEW ARTICLE
A review on the application of nanofluids in enhanced oil recovery
Jinjian Hou1,2,3, Jinze Du1,2(), Hong Sui1,2,3(), Lingyu Sun1,2,3
1. School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
2. National Engineering Research Centre of Distillation Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
3. Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
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Abstract

Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) has been widely used to recover residual oil after the primary or secondary oil recovery processes. Compared to conventional methods, chemical EOR has demonstrated high oil recovery and low operational costs. Nanofluids have received extensive attention owing to their advantages of low cost, high oil recovery, and wide applicability. In recent years, nanofluids have been widely used in EOR processes. Moreover, several studies have focused on the role of nanofluids in the nanofluid EOR (N-EOR) process. However, the mechanisms related to N-EOR are unclear, and several of the mechanisms established are chaotic and contradictory. This review was conducted by considering heavy oil molecules/particle/surface micromechanics; nanofluid-assisted EOR methods; multiscale, multiphase pore/core displacement experiments; and multiphase flow fluid-solid coupling simulations. Nanofluids can alter the wettability of minerals (particle/surface micromechanics), oil/water interfacial tension (heavy oil molecules/water micromechanics), and structural disjoining pressure (heavy oil molecules/particle/surface micromechanics). They can also cause viscosity reduction (micromechanics of heavy oil molecules). Nanofoam technology, nanoemulsion technology, and injected fluids were used during the EOR process. The mechanism of N-EOR is based on the nanoparticle adsorption effect. Nanoparticles can be adsorbed on mineral surfaces and alter the wettability of minerals from oil-wet to water-wet conditions. Nanoparticles can also be adsorbed on the oil/water surface, which alters the oil/water interfacial tension, resulting in the formation of emulsions. Asphaltenes are also adsorbed on the surface of nanoparticles, which reduces the asphaltene content in heavy oil, resulting in a decrease in the viscosity of oil, which helps in oil recovery. In previous studies, most researchers only focused on the results, and the nanoparticle adsorption properties have been ignored. This review presents the relationship between the adsorption properties of nanoparticles and the N-EOR mechanisms. The nanofluid behaviour during a multiphase core displacement process is also discussed, and the corresponding simulation is analysed. Finally, potential mechanisms and future directions of N-EOR are proposed. The findings of this study can further the understanding of N-EOR mechanisms from the perspective of heavy oil molecules/particle/surface micromechanics, as well as clarify the role of nanofluids in multiphase core displacement experiments and simulations. This review also presents limitations and bottlenecks, guiding researchers to develop methods to synthesise novel nanoparticles and conduct further research.
Keywords nanofluid      EOR mechanism      nanoparticle adsorption      interface property      internal property     
Corresponding Author(s): Jinze Du,Hong Sui   
Online First Date: 14 January 2022    Issue Date: 02 August 2022
 Cite this article:   
Jinjian Hou,Jinze Du,Hong Sui, et al. A review on the application of nanofluids in enhanced oil recovery[J]. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(8): 1165-1197.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-021-2120-4
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2022/V16/I8/1165
Fig.1  Mechanisms of nanoparticles that enhance oil recovery.
Fig.2  General sketch of this review.
Fig.3  Water/solid/air and oil/solid/water three-phase contact angles.
Fig.4  Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of SiO2 nanoparticles that are adsorbed on quartz. Reprinted with permission from ref. [132], copyright 2018, Elsevier.
Fig.5  Calcite surface atomic force microscopy image. (a) Before nanofluid-based treatment; nanofluid-based treatment at (b) 23 °C and (c) 60 °C. Reprinted with permission from ref. [133], copyright 2017, Elsevier.
Ref. Nanoparticle Mineral type Aqueous phase Temperature Oil recovery increase Contact angle alteration
[135] Fluorinated nano SiO2 Limestone Deionised water 80 °C – –
[136] Al2O3 Sandstone PRNS Ambient temperature – 142° to 0°
[137] SiO2 Sandstone Brine 20 °C 36.49% 54° to 22°
[138] TiO2 Sandstone Brine Ambient temperature – 125° to 90°
[139] SiO2 Quartz plane Brine Ambient temperature – 39° to 26°
[64] Al2O3 Sandstone Synthetic brine Ambient temperature 20.2% Higher than 82°
Fe2O3 17.3% 134° to 100°
SiO2 22.5% 134° to 82°
[81] Al2O3 Limestone Deionised water 26 °C, 40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C 9.9% 82° to 61°
TiO2 6.6% 82° to 46°
SiO2 2.9% 82° to 18°
[140] γ-Al2O3 Calcite Deionised water Ambient temperature 11.25% 119° to 38° (0.5%)
[141] TiO2 Carbonate Deionised water Ambient temperature – 144° (water), 95° (oil)
SiO2 139° (water), 88° (oil)
CNT 140° (water), 85° (oil)
[80] Al2O3/TiO2/SiO2 Sandstone 3 wt-% NaCl, PVP Ambient temperature 6% 56.09° to 21.64°
[142] SiO2 Calcite 0.05 mol·L–1 NaCl Ambient temperature – 156° to 41.7°
[172] SiO2 Carbonate Brine Ambient temperature – 122° to 18°
[144] SiO2 Glass Ethylene glycol Brine, SDS 18.1% 88° to 25°
[145] SiO2 Sandstone PAM, SDS 30 °C, 90 °C 24.7% –
[82] ZrO2, NiO Limestone C16TAB, TX-100 Ambient temperature – 152° to 35°
[146] FSPNs/SiO2 Plate Ethanol Ambient temperature 28% 134.4° to 23.7°
[173] SiO2 Quartz Brine Ambient temperature 4.48% to 10.33% –
[133] SiO2 Calcite Brine 23 °C to 60 °C – 145° to 56°
[147] Al2O3(ZrO2) Carbonate TX-100 Ambient temperature – 85° to 62° (71°)
SDS 92° to 75° (84°)
CTAB 70° to 52° (60°)
[149] SiO2 Sandstone Brine, Tween® 20 Ambient temperature – 121.7° to 39.7°
[150] SiO2 Carbonate Brine Ambient temperature – 138.7° to 50.8°
[151] SiO2 Glass substrate Brine 60 °C 25% 142° to 35°
[152] Fe3O4/chitosan Sandstone Brine Ambient temperature 10.8% 127° to 92°
[153] SiO2 particles Berea core slice Xanthan gum Ambient temperature 20.82% 86.2° to 50.4°
[154] ZnO Calcite SDS Ambient temperature 11% 11.82°
[65] SiNP-NH2 Sandstone Soloterra 964, brine 65 °C 17.23% 130.2° to 43.4°
[155] CaCO3 Calcite Surfactant 25 °C to 80 °C – 106° to 50°
[156] SiO2 Sandstone HPAM, brine Ambient temperature 6.7% 55.7° to 31°
Al2O3 11.3% 55.7° to 25.1°
[159] ZnO/SiO2/xanthan gum Carbonate LSW Ambient temperature 19.28% 137° to 34°
[83] SiO2 Glass Deionised water Ambient temperature 9% 135° to 88°
[160] Hydrophilic SiO2 Limestone/dolomite SDS, brine Ambient temperature 15% 165.65° to 65.75°
[161] SiO2 Carbonate Saline 80 °C 8% to 17% 141° to 23°
[166] MnZn ferrite Glass plate Brine, SDBS Ambient temperature – 48.64° to 11.97°
[167] SiO2 Berea sandstone Brine, rhamnolipid Ambient temperature 5.3% to 6.8% 145° to 54°
[162] SiO2 Calcite NaCl Ambient temperature 18% 140° to 38°
[157] Al2O3 Sandstone HPAM 27 °C, 60 °C, 90 °C 10.6% 100.3° to 60.6°
SiO2 6.11% 100.3° to 78.6°
[158] CuO/TiO2/PAM Carbonate Deionised water Ambient temperature – 151° to 14.7°
Sandstone 135.25° to 11.75°
[168] NiO/SiO2 Carbonate rocks Deionised water/polyethylene glycol Ambient temperature – 176° to 40°
[148] Al2O3 Rock samples TX-100/SDBS Ambient temperature – 16.0° (TX-100), 25° (SDBS)
CuO 13.7° (TX-100), 22.3° (SDBS)
TiO2 12.5° (TX-100), 25.9° (SDBS)
CN 7° (TX-100), 20.5° (SDBS)
SiO2 16.9° (TX-100), 25.8° (SDBS)
[169] TiO2/quartz Carbonate pellets Seawater 30 °C, 50 °C, 70 °C 21% 103° to 48°
[170] Fe3O4@SiO2@xanthan Carbonate rock Deionised water Ambient temperature – 134° to 28°
[171] Fe3O4 Carbonate rock Polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxyapatite Ambient temperature – 116° to 62°
[164] SiO2 Glass surface Brine water Ambient temperature 75% (brine) 120° to 0° (oil-wet)
[165] SiO2 Sandstone rock Brine water 70 °C 18.46% (LNS) 180° to 65°
[163] SiO2 Carbonate rock Brine water 70 °C 2.8% (LNS) 180° to 120°
Tab.1  Contact angle alteration and oil recovery with different nanoparticles, minerals, aqueous phases, and temperatures
Fig.6  Effect of nanoparticle size, temperature on the contact angle of water. Reprinted with permission from ref. [133], copyright 2017, Elsevier.
Fig.7  Contact angle of (a) oil-wet surface, (b) HPAM, (c) SiO2-HPAM, (d) Al2O3-HPAM and (e) total measurements. Reprinted with permission from ref. [156], copyright 2019, Elsevier.
Fig.8  Contact angle of nanoparticles, nanoparticle/surfactant mixture. Reprinted with permission from ref. [148], copyright 2020, Elsevier.
Fig.9  SEM images after treatment with 0.1% SiO2 nanofluid: (a) lowest magnification at 100 µm to (d) highest possible magnification at 500 nm. Reprinted with permission from ref. [180], copyright 2020, Elsevier.
Fig.10  Topographical images of quartz surfaces aged with (a) stearic acid (10–2 mol·L–1) and (b) 0.1% SiO2 nanofluid. Reprinted with permission from ref. [180], copyright 2020, Elsevier.
Fig.11  Total interaction energy per unit area versus water film thickness for the rock surface-aqueous phase-oil systems when AH (oil) = 4.5 × 10–20 J. The aqueous phases are tap water (TW) and TW+ nanoparticle with different carbon nanopartiles. Reprinted with permission from ref. [182], copyright 2021, Elsevier.
Ref. Nanofluids type Dispersion phase Nanofluids concentration Oil phase Temperature Interfacial tension without nanoparticle/(mN·m–1) Interfacial tension with nanoparticles/(mN·m–1)
[185] Hydrophilic SiO2 Alkylpoly-oxyethylene – Medium – 31 1.7
[186] PSS-SiO2 – 1–5 mg·L–1 Trichloroethylene Ambient temperature 22.5 14.5
[187] SiO2 Aerosil 200 CTAB 0.01–5 Paraffin oil 25 °C 52 5
[188] Colloidal SiO2 SDS, TX-100, CnE4 – Trichloroethylene 22.5 °C+ 0.5 °C 40 2
[189] TiO2 Deionised water 0.1 wt-% Mineral oil 25 °C–55 °C 52 36
[190] Colloidal SiO2 CTAB 1 wt-% Hexane 20 °C 72.5 21
[191] Bi2Te3 Deionised water 0.318 wt-% Gas-liquid – 72 48
[192] Gold Deionised water 0.0218 wt-% Gas-liquid – 72.38 ± 0.41 67.53 ± 0.66
[193] Nonferrous metal Sulfanole 0.001 wt-% 7 cp 25 °C 10.9 1.09
[194] Laponite/silver/ Fe2O3 1% PVP 2 wt-% – – 73.6 40.97
[195] SiO2 Lecithin/tween 60 1% Vegetable oil 25 °C 11 6
[196] SiO2 5 wt-% NaCl 3 g·L–1 Light oil Ambient temperature 26.5 1.95
Heavy oil 28.3 7.3
[197] SiO2 Ethanol 0.4 – Ambient temperature 26.3 1.7
[198] Hydrophilic Al2O3 Saturated base fluid 1–10–5 to 5–10–4 Toluene 293.2 K–323.2 K 37.1 55.7
Hydrophobic Al2O3 14.4
[199] Hydrophilic SiO2 500 ppm SDS 1000 ppm Kerosene Ambient temperature 7.43 6.10
6000 ppm SDS 2.85 4.24
hydrophobic SiO2 500 ppm SDS 7.43 3.71
6000 ppm SDS 2.85 4.64
[200] SiO2 Brine 10% Crude oil 25 °C ± 1 °C 16 ± 2 1.4 ± 0.3
[201] ZrO2 Deionised water 1 g·L–1 n-Heptane 23 °C ± 0.5 °C 51.4 36.8
[202] Magnetite SDS 0–5×10–4 n-Hexane 288.2 K–308.2 K 51.4 41.5
[64] Fe2O3 Synthetic brine, propanol 0.3 Degassed
reservoir oil		 25 °C 38.5 2.25
Al2O3 2.75
SiO2 1.45
[203] SiO2 0.5 wt-% SDS 0–2 wt-% brine Crude oil 60 °C 21.7 4.2/6.3
[139] SiO2 Brine 0.05 Degassed light crude oil 22 °C 19.2 16.9
35 °C 12.57 15.60
50 °C 12.14 12.80
[80] Al2O3 3 wt-% NaCl,
1 wt-% PVP		 0.05 Degassed crude oil – 19.2 12.8
SiO2 17.5
[204] SiO2 Deionised water 0.1 Oil Ambient temperature 13.62 10.69
[205] ZrO2 2000 ppm SDS 100 ppm Heavy crude oil 25 °C 16 3.1
3000 ppm C12TAB 18.4 5.4
[206] SiO2 5% NaCl 0–6 g·L–1 Crude oil Ambient temperature 26.5 38.4
[207] SiO2 SDS 1 × 10–4 n-Hexane 293.2 K 48.9 31.2
[208] SiO2/TiO2/ZnO Tween 20 0.1 wt-% Four oils 25 °C – –
[145] Hydrophilic SiO2 PAM 0.5–2 wt-% Crude oil 30 °C–90 °C 18.03 10.22
SDS-PAM 4.9 1.12
[144] SiO2 Brine Polyethylene glycol 8000 Oil Ambient temperature 43 8.8
[209] SiO2 CTAB 0.5–2.0 wt-% n-Heptane 25 °C 39 41
[210] SiO2 2-Poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) 0.1–0.2 n-Decane Ambient temperature 47 35
[211] SiO2 Oly2(DMAEMA) 0.1 Bitumen oil Ambient temperature 27 14
[154] ZnO SDS 0.05–0.5 – – 34.52 30.74
[212] SiO2 CTAB – Kerosene 298.2 K 48.7 7.5
[152] Fe3O4 Seawater 0.01–0.03 wt-% Crude oil 25 °C 30 17.29
40 °C 26.32 14.80
60 °C 22.49 14.47
[96] PK-Fe3O4 Deionised water 0.2 wt-% Bitumen (10%) Ambient temperature 14.40 8.59
[153] SiO2 Xanthan gum 0.1–0.5 Crude oil 30 °C 17.8 8.54 (0.5 wt-%)
70 °C 14.64 6.46 (0.3 wt-%)
[213] CuO Deionised water 0–8 wt-% – 25 °C 72 38
[168] NiO/SiO2 Deionised water 12?30 wt-% Soroush oil – 29.02 1.28/<1
[157] SiO2/Al2O3 Brine – Heavy mineral oil 27 °C 27.5 9.3/11.5
[214] Al2O3/ZrO2/SiO2/CN CTAB/SDBS/TX-100/SDS 0.1–2 wt-% n-Decane 303 K/323 K/353 K 47.53 2.98
[103] SiO2-C12 JNPs Brine 0.05 wt-% Crude oil 50 °C 28 2.28
[92] Hydrophilic SiO2 SOS/EHAC, brine – n-Decane 25 °C to 65 °C 11.8 7.8
[165] SiO2 Brine (LSW) – Crude oil 70 °C 6.20 2.31
[163] SiO2 Brine (LSW) 0.05 wt-% Crude oil 70 °C 6.20 2.31
Tab.2  Variation in oil/water interfacial tension caused by different concentrations of nanofluids, oil phase, and temperature
Fig.12  (a) Dynamic oil/water interfacial tension of different systems; (b) dynamic oil/water interfacial tension of different concentrations of Janus nanofluids. Reprinted with permission from ref. [103], copyright 2020, Elsevier.
Fig.13  Interfacial tension of different oil/water systems: (a) n-hexane, (b) n-decane, (c) n-heptane, and (d) toluene, in the absence of nanoparticles and in the presence of 0.1 wt-% of ZnO, TiO2, and SiO2 nanoparticles. Standard deviations are less than 1%. Reprinted with permission from ref. [208], copyright 2016, the Royal Society of Chemistry.
Fig.14  Influence of temperature (303 K, 323 K, and 353 K) on the adsorption of (a) Al2O3-surfactant mixtures, (b) ZrO2-surfactant mixtures, (c) SiO2-surfactant mixtures, and (d) CNT-surfactant mixtures at decane/water interface. Reprinted with permission from ref. [214], copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry.
Fig.15  Variation in interfacial tension versus temperatures: ■, only nanoparticles with a mass fraction of 1.00 × 10–4; ▲, only SDS with a concentration of 0.80 × 10–4 mol·dm–3; ●, mixture of nanoparticles with a mass fraction of 1.00 × 10–4 and SDS with a concentration of 0.80 × 10–4 mol·dm–3. Reprinted with permission from ref. [202], copyright 2014, Royal Society of Chemistry.
Fig.16  Interfacial tension of n-decane/nanosurfactant formulations of 0.1 wt-% sodium octylsulfonate and 0.1 wt-% nanoparticles in different salinities as a function of temperature. Reprinted with permission from ref. [92], copyright 2020, Wiley.
Fig.17  (a) Equilibrium interfacial tension of Tween 20 surfactants in presence of 0.1 wt-% of different nanoparticles, i.e., SiO2, TiO2, and ZnO at n-hexane/water interface; (b) interfacial tension data at the concentration range of 0.001–0.05 mmol·L–1 (standard deviations are less than 1%). Reprinted with permission from ref. [208], copyright 2016, Royal Society of Chemistry.
Fig.18  Structural disjoining pressure diagram in a nanoparticle suspension. Reprinted with permission from ref. [237], copyright 2011, Elsevier.
Fig.19  Synergistic effect of nanoparticles and surfactants. Reprinted with permission from ref. [245], copyright 2020, Royal Society of Chemistry.
Fig.20  Viscosity of heavy oil in the absence and presence of S8, S8A, S8B, Al35, and F97 nanoparticles at 1000 mg·L–1, 298 K, with a shear rate ranging between 0 and 75 s–1. Reprinted with permission from ref. [242], copyright 2017, American Chemical Society.
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