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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering

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Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.    2022, Vol. 16 Issue (6) : 854-873    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-022-2156-0
REVIEW ARTICLE
Recent progress in hydrodynamic characteristics research and application of annular centrifugal extractors
Hang Yang1, Xiaoyong Yang1, Xiao Dong1, Zhaojin Lu1, Zhishan Bai1(), Yinglei Wang2, Fulei Gao2
1. School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
2. Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710000, China
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Abstract

The annular centrifugal extractor (ACE) integrates mixing and separation. It has been widely used in many industrial fields because of its low residence time, compact structure, and high mass transfer efficiency. Most of the literature has focused on flow instabilities, flow visualization, and computational fluid dynamics simulations. More recently, research on hydrodynamic behavior and structural optimization has received widespread attention. With the development of ACE technology, applications have been broadened into several new areas. Hence, this paper reviews research progress regarding ACE in terms of hydrodynamic characteristics and the structural improvements. The latest applications covering hydrometallurgy, nuclear fuel reprocessing, bio-extraction, catalytic reaction, and wastewater treatment are presented. We also evaluate future work in droplet breakup and coalescence mechanisms, structural improvements specific to different process requirements, scaling-up methods, and stability and reliability after scaling-up.
Keywords annular centrifugal extractor      hydrodynamic characteristics      structure optimization      the latest application     
Corresponding Author(s): Zhishan Bai   
Online First Date: 29 April 2022    Issue Date: 28 June 2022
 Cite this article:   
Hang Yang,Xiaoyong Yang,Xiao Dong, et al. Recent progress in hydrodynamic characteristics research and application of annular centrifugal extractors[J]. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(6): 854-873.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-022-2156-0
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2022/V16/I6/854
Fig.1  Schematic diagram of the ACE.
Fig.2  Hydrodynamic studies parameters and factors affecting the hydrodynamics of ACE.
Sr. no. Rotation Orientation Flow pattern Method Ref.
Inner Outer
1 √ Horizontal (1) Emulsion flow, (2) roller flow, and (3) banded flow Oil phase dyeing + photography [17]
2 √ Horizontal (1) Banded flow, (2) spatially homogeneous flow, and (3) oscillatory flow between (1) and (2) Oil phase dyeing + photography [18]
3 √ √ Horizontal (1) Two-layer flow and (2) “barber pole” pattern LIFa) + video [23]
4 √ Horizontal (1) Banded flow and (2) homogeneous flow Oil phase dyeing + video [19]
5 √ Vertical (1) Stratified flow, (2) segregated dispersion, (3) banded dispersion, and (4) homogeneous dispersion Fluent + PLIFb) + high speed photography [20]
6 √ Vertical (1) Spiral flow, (2) ring flow, and (3) ring flow with emulsion. Fluent + ultrasonic velocity profiling [24]
7 √ Vertical (1) Disordered droplet flow, (2) banded droplet flow, and (3) flooding Oil phase dyeing + video [25]
8 √ Vertical (1) Pseudo-homogenous flow, (2) weakly banded flow, (3) horizontally banded flow, and (4) helical flow Oil phase dyeing + video [21]
Tab.1  Liquid–liquid two-phase flow pattern in the annulus a)
Fig.3  Flow pattern and flow map in a closed vertical Taylor–Couette device. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [20], copyright 2010, American Chemical Society.
Fig.4  Water−vapor interface in the rotor zone at different rotational speeds. (a) PIV; (b) CFD. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [29], copyright 2019, East China University of Science and Technology.
Correlation Geometry/mm System/system physical property Ref.
ϕ =C 2 (ωr m0.5Δr1.5 ρC rir0μ C) 2 VD 0.5Δ r3 15.2 < D < 351 < ? r < 3.5 2.5% TBPa) in ultrasene/0.0042 mol·L–1 uranyl nitrate in 5 mol·L–1 HNO3 [34]
ϕ =G[C1+C2( (vc+ vd) dRn)3] (1We)0.673 ( 1F rΔpρc)− 2.177 D = 50?r = 25 ShellSol T/water [35]
ϕ =0.583 (PV)0.11 ( QD QC +Q D) 0.93( σ3Δρμ C4g) −0.03 (μD μC)−0.04 30 < D < 250 2 < ? r < 25 50 < Δ ρ < 600 kg·m –32.2 < σ < 58 mN·m –11 < μc < 6.5 mPa·s –10.7 < μd < 27 mPa·s –1 [33]
Tab.2  Related correlation of dispersed phase hold-up a)
Fig.5  Dispersed phase hold-up in the annular region and in the rotor region. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [36], copyright 2021, Elsevier.
Method System/system physical property Mean droplet size range/μm Ref.
Image analysis PDMSa)/water 100–400 [37]
Kerosene/water 1200–2600 [20]
Hexane/water 900–2700 [38]
40% TBP in dodecane/37.5% Al(NO3)3 in 1 mol·L–1 HNO3 58–107 [39]
PDPA 0.013 < σ < 0.033 N·m –1,85.1 < Δ ρ < 219.37 kg·m –30.00072 < μd < 0.032 Pa 28–206 [40]
FBRM 1,2-dichloroethane/water 50–600 [41]
Laser-based drop size analyzer 30% TBP in dodecane/0.1 mol·L–1 HNO3 30–80 [42]
Calculation from dispersed phase hold-up and effective interfacial area 50 < Δ ρ < 600 kg·m –3,2.2 < σ < 58 mN·m –1 8–55 [33]
Tab.3  Measurement method of droplet size in the annulus a)
Sr. no. Correlation Geometry/mm System/system physical property Ref.
1 dD=150(W e)−0.65(Re)−0.2 (μd μc)0.5 ( DI D)0.5 27 < D < 32,1.58 < Δ r < 3.38 790 < ρc < 1380 kg·m –3,9 < σ < 34 mN·m –1,0.45 < μd < 70 mPa·s –1 [46]
2 d3,2=2.2× 10−2(PV)−0.33( ρC) −0.19 σ0.6 (μD μC)0.1 (1+8.5 ϕ) 30 < D < 250,2 < Δ r < 25 50 < Δ ρ < 600 kg·m –3,2.2 < σ < 58 mN·m –1,1 < μc < 6.5 mPa·s –1,0.7 < μd < 27 mPa·s –1 [33]
3 dd =0.145 (ucvd)0.4 (σ)1.43 ( pV )− 0.39(1+ϕ)3.33 D = 39,5.5 < Δ r < 10.5 85.1 < Δ ρ < 219.37 kg·m –3,0.013 < σ < 0.033 N·m –1,0.72 < μd < 32 mPa·s –1 [40]
4 D32(v )lm=0.08We− 35 (1+9.9 (ρc ρd) 12μdγ (D32 lm2γ˙3 ) 13) 35 D = 225,Δr = 7.5 82 < Δ ρ < 238 kg·m –3,0.0159 < σ < 0.0237 N·m –1,0.00049 < μd < 0.07 kg·m –1·s–1 [47]
Tab.4  Principal correlation of Sauter mean droplet diameter in the annular region
Fig.6  (a) Schematic illustration for droplet size measurement; (b) droplet size distribution at different locations of ACE; (c) droplet size distribution at different rotational speeds; (d) Sauter mean droplet at different rotational speeds. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [37], copyright 2013, John Wiley and Sons.
Fig.7  (a) Experimental setup for the observation of sedimentation and coalescence; (b) photographic region for evaluation of mixing and separation process; (c) sedimentation and coalescence curve for cyclohexanone-water system (Vorg:Vaq = 1:2); (d) sedimentation and coalescence curve for n-butanol-water system (Vorg:Vaq = 1:1). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [50], copyright 2017, Elsevier.
Fig.8  (a) Experimental setup for droplet behavior studies in the annulus; (b) breakup and coalescence of the organic droplet in the annulus. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [52], copyright 2014, Elsevier.
Fig.9  (a) RTD curve under different aspect ratios; (b) effect of ribbed design on RTD. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [57], copyright 2008, American Chemical Society.
Schematic illustration Main conclusion Ref.
(1) Four straight vanes have a larger hold-up and higher liquid level than eight straight vanes and eight curved vanes;(2) The mean diameter for four straight vanes is significantly decreased versus eight curved vanes [ 39, 64]
(1) The ribbed design makes the RTD of the ACE narrower and more similar to an ideal plug flow;(2) The ribs stabilize the vortex and reduce axial mixing [ 55, 57, 66]
The recirculation tube design increases the residence time in the mixing zone [ 62]
(1) The inclined overflow pipe structure has a higher flooding capacity compared to the horizontal overflow pipe structure;(2) The operating flux of the inclined overflow pipe design is much higher than the horizontal overflow pipe design under rotor damage conditions [ 63]
The curved blade design has a significant impact on the pressure drop, hold-up, and interface radius of the rotor; it requires less energy than straight blades [ 69]
Design 3 is more stable and less likely to form a liquid seal compared to other design [ 28, 31]
Tab.5  Structure optimization of ACE in recent years
Fig.10  Schematic diagram of lithium extraction by continuous ACE technique. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [71], copyright 2018, Elsevier.
Fig.11  (a) Schematic diagram of the UACE structure. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [84], copyright 2021, Elsevier. (b) Status of operating of UACE. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [86], copyright 2021, Elsevier.
Fig.12  Application of ACE in the treatment of EDW. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [95], copyright 2013, Elsevier.
Fig.13  Schematic diagram of microemulsion extraction mechanism. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [100], copyright 2018, Elsevier.
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