Floret-like Fe–N<sub><i>x</i></sub> nanoparticle-embedded porous carbon superstructures from a Fe-covalent triazine polymer boosting oxygen electroreduction

doi:10.1007/s11705-022-2232-5

Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.

2023, Vol. 17

Issue (5) : 525-535 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-022-2232-5

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Floret-like Fe–N_x nanoparticle-embedded porous carbon superstructures from a Fe-covalent triazine polymer boosting oxygen electroreduction

Yong Zheng^1,⁴(

), Mingjin Li¹, Yongye Wang¹, Niu Huang^1,⁴, Wei Liu^1,⁴, Shan Chen², Xuepeng Ni², Kunming Li², Siwei Xiong³, Yi Shen⁵, Siliang Liu⁶, Baolong Zhou⁷, Niaz Ali Khan⁸(

), Liqun Ye^1,⁴(

), Chao Zhang²(

), Tianxi Liu²

¹. College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
². State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
³. College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory for New Textile Materials and Applications, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
⁴. Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Yichang 443007, China
⁵. College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
⁶. College of Light-Textile Engineering and Art, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
⁷. School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
⁸. Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products (Wuhan Textile University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430200, China

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Abstract

Fe–N_x nanoparticles-embedded porous carbons with a desirable superstructure have attracted immense attention as promising catalysts for electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction. Herein, we employed Fe-coordinated covalent triazine polymer for the fabrication of Fe–N_x nanoparticle-embedded porous carbon nanoflorets (Fe/N@CNFs) employing a hypersaline-confinement-conversion strategy. Presence of tailored N types within the covalent triazine polymer interwork in high proportions contributes to the generation of Fe/N coordination and subsequent Fe–N_x nanoparticles. Owing to the utilization of NaCl crystals, the resultant Fe/N@CNF-800 which was generated by pyrolysis at 800 °C showed nanoflower structure and large specific surface area, which remarkably suppressed the agglomeration of high catalytic active sites. As expect, the Fe/N@CNF-800 exhibited unexpected oxygen reduction reaction catalytic performance with an ultrahigh half-wave potential (0.89 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode), a dominant 4e^– transfer approach and great cycle stability (> 92% after 100000 s). As a demonstration, the Fe/N-PCNF-800-assembled zinc–air battery delivered a high open circuit voltage of 1.51 V, a maximum peak power density of 164 mW·cm^–2, as well as eminent rate performance, surpassing those of commercial Pt/C. This contribution offers a valuable avenue to exploit efficient metal nanoparticles-based carbon catalysts towards energy-related electrocatalytic reactions and beyond.

Keywords Fe–N_x nanoparticles hypersaline-confinement conversion floret-like carbon covalent triazine polymers oxygen reduction reaction

Corresponding Author(s): Yong Zheng,Niaz Ali Khan,Liqun Ye,Chao Zhang

About author:

*These authors equally shared correspondence to this manuscript.

Online First Date: 16 February 2023 Issue Date: 28 April 2023

Cite this article:

Yong Zheng,Mingjin Li,Yongye Wang, et al. Floret-like Fe–N_x nanoparticle-embedded porous carbon superstructures from a Fe-covalent triazine polymer boosting oxygen electroreduction[J]. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2023, 17(5): 525-535.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-022-2232-5
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2023/V17/I5/525

Fig.1 Schematic synthesis route of Fe/N@CNFs.

Fig.2 (a, b) TEM images of Fe/N@CNF-800; (c) HRTEM images of Fe/N@CNF-800; (d) TEM-EDS elemental mapping of Fe/N@CNF-800 for C, N and Fe, respectively.

Fig.3 (a) Raman spectra (1350 and 1590 cm^–1) of the Fe/N@CNFs; (b) high-resolution N 1s X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) spectra of Fe/N@CNF-800; (c) illustration of N species in the carbon framework of Fe/N@CNF-800; (d) high-resolution Fe 2p XPS spectra of Fe/N@CNF-800.

Tab.1 Summary of BET surface area and pore volume for Fe/N@CNFs samples

Fig.4 (a) CV curves of Fe/N@CNF-800 and Pt/C catalysts in N₂- and O₂-saturated 0.1 mol·L^–1 KOH electrolyte, respectively; (b) LSV curves of the Fe/N@CNFs and Pt/C catalysts, respectively; (c) LSV curves of Fe/N@CNF-800 catalyst at various rotating speeds, inset of (c) is K–L plots of Fe/N@CNF-800 catalyst at various potentials; (d) the n of Fe/N@CNF-800 catalysts calculated from corresponding K–L equation; (e) chronoamperometric responses of Fe/N@CNF-800 and Pt/C catalysts in O₂-saturated 0.1 mol·L^–1 KOH at 0.664 V, respectively; (f) the LSV curves of Fe/N@CNF-800 before and after 10000 CV cycles.

Tab.2 ORR performance of Fe/N@CNFs and Pt/C catalysts in different pH environments

Fig.5 (a) LSV curves of the Fe/N@CNFs and Pt/C catalysts in O₂-saturated 0.5 mol·L^–1 H₂SO₄, respectively; (b) J_K and E_1/2 values of the Fe/N@CNFs and Pt/C catalysts, respectively; (c) LSV curves of Fe/N@CNF-800 catalyst at various rotating speeds, inset of (c) is K–L plots of Fe/N@CNF-800 catalyst at various potentials; (d) electron transfer number (n) of Fe/N@CNF-800 catalysts calculated from corresponding K–L equation; (e) chronoamperometric responses of Fe/N@CNF-800 and Pt/C catalysts in O₂-saturated 0.5 mol·L^–1 H₂SO₄ at 0.664 V, respectively; (f) the LSV curves of Fe/N@CNF-800 before and after 5000 CV cycles.

Fig.6 (a) Schematic illustration of the zinc–air battery; (b) OCV curves of the zinc–air batteries with Fe/N@CNF-800 and Pt/C cathodes, respectively; (c) discharge polarization curves and the power density curves of zinc–air batteries with Fe/N@CNF-800 and Pt/C cathodes, respectively; (d) rate performance of Fe/N@CNF-800 and Pt/C electrodes at a current density of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 10 mA·cm^–2, respectively.

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