Research progress on low dielectric constant modification of cellulose insulating paper for power transformers

doi:10.1007/s11705-022-2259-7

Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.

2023, Vol. 17

Issue (8) : 991-1009 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-022-2259-7

REVIEW ARTICLE

Research progress on low dielectric constant modification of cellulose insulating paper for power transformers

Wenchang Wei¹, Haiqiang Chen¹, Junwei Zha^2,³, Yiyi Zhang¹(

)

¹. Guangxi Power Transmission and Distribution Network Lightning Protection Engineering Techndogy Research Center, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
². School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
³. Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China

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Abstract

Because of the increase in the transmission voltage levels, the demand for insulation reliability of power transformers has increasingly become critical. Cellulose insulating paper is the main insulating component of power transformers. To improve the insulation level of ultrahigh voltage transformers and reduce their weight and size, reducing the dielectric constant of oil-immersed cellulose insulating paper is highly desired. Cellulose is used to produce power-transformer insulating papers owing to its excellent electrical properties, renewability, biodegradability and abundance. The dielectric constant of a cellulose insulating paper can be effectively reduced by chemical or physical modification. This study presents an overview of the foreign and domestic research status of the use of modification technology to reduce the dielectric constant of cellulose insulating papers. All the mentioned methods are analyzed in this study. Finally, some recommendations for future modified cellulose insulating paper research and applications are proposed. This paper can provide a reference for further research on low dielectric constant cellulose insulating paper in the future.

Keywords low dielectric constant chemical and physical modification cellulose insulating paper transformer nanomaterials.

Corresponding Author(s): Yiyi Zhang

Online First Date: 15 March 2023 Issue Date: 20 July 2023

Cite this article:

Wenchang Wei,Haiqiang Chen,Junwei Zha, et al. Research progress on low dielectric constant modification of cellulose insulating paper for power transformers[J]. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2023, 17(8): 991-1009.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-022-2259-7
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2023/V17/I8/991

Fig.1 Growth rate and citation data of cellulose insulating paper (applied in transformers) publications up to August 8, 2022 (according to the search results of the Web of Science database using “transformer & cellulose insulating paper & electric” as keywords).

Fig.2 Most important reasons of transformer collapse (2015 by CIGRE).

Fig.3 Classification of solid insulation by application.

Fig.4 Molecular chain structural formula of cellulose.

Modification mechanism	Modified material	$ε$ _r^a)	tanδ^b)	Breakdown strength or voltage	Volume resistivity/ (Ω?m^–1)	Partial discharge	Thermal stability	Mechanical strength	Ref.
Alkylation	Octa(aminophenyl)silsesquioxane (OAPS)	2.58	0.0045	79.5 kV·mm^–1	10¹⁵	─	↑	9.62 kN·m^–1	[45]
Esterification	1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA)	3.58	0.0042	72.9 kV·mm^–1	10¹⁴	─	↑	81.6 MPa	[46]
Esterification	Citric acid (CA)	4.12	0.0062	75.74 kV·mm^–1	─	─	↑	10.79 kN·m^–1	[34]
Fluorination	F₂	2.6	─	15.9 kV	10¹²	─	─	─	[44]

Tab.1 Chemical methods have been reported to modify cellulose insulating paper

Fig.5 Chemically modified cellulose insulating paper.

Fig.6 (a) Chemical modification and (b) physical modification of cellulose process.

Fig.8 Dielectric constant spectrogram of the samples tested in (a) air and (b) oil; dielectric loss spectrogram of the samples tested in (c) air and (d) oil. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [46], copyright 2020, John Wiley and Sons.

Nanomaterials	$ε$ _r^a)	tanδ^b)	Breakdown strength or voltage	Volume resistivity/ (Ω?m^–1)	Partial discharge/pC	Conductivity/(S?cm^–1)	Mechanical strength	Ref.
Nanocellulose	2.55	0.005	13.6 kV·mm^–1	10¹⁵	3833	─	136 MPa	[26]
Nanocellulose fibrils	2.58	0.003	86.6 kV·mm^–1	10¹⁵	─	─	114 MPa	[74]
Nano polymethylpentene	3.5	─	310 kV	─	─	─	─	[31]
Nano-SiC	2.9	─	─	─	─	─	─	[75]
Nano-Al₂O₃	2.3	0.019	87 kV·mm^–1	10¹⁶	─	─	─	[76]
	2.21	0.009	66.78 kV·mm^–1	─	─	─	8.24 kN·m^–1	[77]
Nano-TiO₂	2.41	0.01	61.78 kV·mm^–1	─	─	8.2×10^–15	8.6 kN·m^–1	[78]
	2.41	0.01	61.78 kV·mm^–1	─	─	8.2×10^–15	8.55 kN·m^–1	[79]
Nano-SiO₂ hollow microspheres	1.68	─	30.5 kV	─	─	─	─	[80]
MMT	2.30	─	56.9 kV	─	─	─	8.5 kN·m^–1	[81]

Tab.2 Effect of nanomaterials modification to prepare low dielectric cellulose insulating paper

Fig.11 Nanomaterials for the preparation of low dielectric modified cellulose insulating paper.

Fig.12 The diagram of composite of conventional paper and composite paper with NCF and Kevlar. Reprinted from Ref. [74], open access, free to use.

Fig.13 Relative permittivity of insulating paper in (a) air and (b) oil, dielectric loss of insulating paper in (c) air and (d) oil. Reprinted from Ref. [74], open access, free to use.

Fig.14 Structure of gap: (a) Interaction between cellulose and nano-TiO₂; (b) oil gap; (c) oil gap reinforced by nano-TiO₂; (d) dielectric constants of insulating paper. Reprinted from Ref. [79], open access, free to use.

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