Anti-biofouling strategies for implantable biosensors of continuous glucose monitoring systems

doi:10.1007/s11705-023-2340-x

Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.

2023, Vol. 17

Issue (12) : 1866-1878 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-023-2340-x

REVIEW ARTICLE

Anti-biofouling strategies for implantable biosensors of continuous glucose monitoring systems

Yan Zheng¹, Dunyun Shi², Zheng Wang¹(

)

¹. School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
². Institute of Hematology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital/the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, China

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Abstract

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems play an increasingly vital role in the glycemic control of patients with diabetes mellitus. However, the immune responses triggered by the implantation of poorly biocompatible sensors have a significant impact on the accuracy and lifetime of CGM systems. In this review, research efforts over the past few years to mitigate the immune responses by enhancing the anti-biofouling ability of sensors are summarized. This review divided these works into active immune engaging strategy and passive immune escape strategy based on their respective mechanisms. In each strategy, the various biocompatible layers on the biosensor surface, such as drug-releasing membranes, hydrogels, hydrophilic membranes, anti-biofouling membranes based on zwitterionic polymers, and bio-mimicking membranes, are described in detail. This review, therefore, provides researchers working on implantable biosensors for CGM systems with vital information, which is likely to aid in the research and development of novel CGM systems with profound anti-biofouling properties.

Keywords implantable glucose biosensor anti-biofouling continuous glucose monitoring immune responses

Corresponding Author(s): Zheng Wang

Just Accepted Date: 21 June 2023 Online First Date: 11 September 2023 Issue Date: 30 November 2023

Cite this article:

Yan Zheng,Dunyun Shi,Zheng Wang. Anti-biofouling strategies for implantable biosensors of continuous glucose monitoring systems[J]. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2023, 17(12): 1866-1878.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-023-2340-x
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2023/V17/I12/1866

Fig.1 Schematic illustration of anti-biofouling strategies employed in membranes of biosensors for continuous glucose monitoring systems.

Tab.1 Various anti-biofouling biomaterials applied for implantable biosensor application

Fig.2 Schematic illustration of the formation of the alginate hydrogel on the surface of the glucose sensor via electrodeposition (the blue curly lines represent alginate). (a) Water electrolysis produces H⁺ ions, which promotes the release of Ca²⁺, and (b) the alginate hydrogel is formed by combining Ca²⁺ with alginate. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [44], copyright 2017, Elsevier.

Fig.3 Schematic illustration depicting the formation of the chitosan hydrogel on the CeO₂/MnO₂ hollow nanospheres contained with Gox. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [46], copyright 2020, Elsevier.

Fig.4 Schematic illustration depicting the formation of (a) PEG hydrogel and (b) alginate hydrogel by using different methods. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [47], copyright 2023, Royal Society of Chemistry.

Fig.5 Fabrication of an adaptable, controllable, porous outer membrane for an implantable glucose biosensor by using a “top-down” method. Chitosan and sodium alginate were used for constructing biocompatible interfaces. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [48], copyright 2019, American Chemical Society.

Fig.6 (a) Schematic representation of the glucose sensor. (b) Photographic image of the glucose sensor. (c) Schematic illustration of the electrospraying process. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [51], copyright 2021, American Chemical Society.

Fig.7 Schematic illustration of the formation of hydration shell. (a) Each unit of the representative PEG materials is integrated with one water molecule. (b) Each unit of the zwitterionic materials is integrated with eight water molecules. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [112], copyright 2016, Elsevier.

Fig.8 Schematic illustration depicting the preparation of the Pt-pANi-GOx-pSBMA glucose biosensor coated with a zwitterionic polymer. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [52], copyright 2016, American Chemical Society.

Fig.9 (a) Schematic illustration of coil-type glucose biosensor with biomimetic electrospun coatings containing gelatin. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [54], copyright 2017, John Wiley and Sons. (b) Schematic illustration depicting the construction of implantable glucose biosensor based on type I collagen-derived conductive hydrogel. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [55], copyright 2019, American Chemical Society.

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