Flame-retardancy cellulosic triboelectric materials enabled by hydroxyl ionization

doi:10.1007/s11705-024-2464-7

Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.

2024, Vol. 18

Issue (10) : 113 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-024-2464-7

Flame-retardancy cellulosic triboelectric materials enabled by hydroxyl ionization

Xin Wang, Huancheng Huang, Fanchao Yu, Pinle Zhang, Xinliang Liu(

)

Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China

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Abstract

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are among the most promising available energy harvesting methods. Cellulose-based TENGs are flexible, renewable, and degradable. However, the flammability of cellulose prevents it from being used in open-flame environments. In this study, the lattice of cellulose was adjusted by the hydroxyl ionization of cellulose molecules, and Na⁺ was introduced to enhance the flame retardancy of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). The experimental results showed that the amount of hydrogen bonding between cellulose molecules increased with the introduction of Na⁺ and that the limiting oxygen index reached 36.4%. The lattice spacing of cellulose increased from 0.276 to 0.286 nm, and the change in lattice structure exposed more hydroxyl groups, which changed the polarity of cellulose. The surface potential of the fibers increased from 239 to 323 mV, the maximum open-circuit voltage was 25 V·cm^–2, the short-circuit current was 2.10 μA, and the output power density was 4.56 μW·cm^–2. Compared with those of CNFs, the output voltage, current, and transferred charge increased by 96.8%, 517%, and 23%, respectively, and showed good stability and reliability during cyclic exposure. This study provides a valuable strategy for improving the performance of cellulose-based TENGs.

Corresponding Author(s): Xinliang Liu

Just Accepted Date: 28 April 2024 Issue Date: 27 June 2024

Cite this article:

Xin Wang,Huancheng Huang,Fanchao Yu, et al. Flame-retardancy cellulosic triboelectric materials enabled by hydroxyl ionization[J]. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2024, 18(10): 113.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-024-2464-7
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2024/V18/I10/113

Fig.1 Mechanization of flame-retardant cellulose triboelectric materials: (a) schematic of the crystal and hydrogen bonding of CNF and Na-CNF films; (b) flame-retardant properties of the Na-CNF composite films; and (c) schematic of TENG application scenarios (PMMA, polymethyl ethacrylate).

Fig.2 Microstructure of the flame retardant cellulose triboelectric material. SEM images of (a) CNF and (b) Na-CNF films; TEM images of (c) CNF and (d) Na-CNF films; (e) EDS spectra of the Na-CNF films; (f–h) Na, C, and O.

Fig.3 Characteristics of fire-retardant cellulosic triboelectric materials. (a) XRD spectra of CNF and Na-CNF films; (b) FTIR spectra of CNF and Na-CNF films; (c) hydrogen bonding in the inter- and intrachain structures of CNF; (d) hydrogen bonding in the inter- and intrachain structures of the Na-CNF; (e) XPS O 1s peak of the CNF film; (f) XPS O 1s peaks of the Na-CNF films; (g) XPS C 1s peak of the CNF film; (h) XPS C 1s peak of the Na-CNF film; (i) schematic of the change in intermolecular hydrogen bonding of CNF treated with NaOH.

Fig.4 Thermal stability and flame retardancy of the Na-CNF composite films. (a) TG curves of the Na-CNF and CNF films; (b) DTG curves of the Na-CNF and CNF films; (c) strain curves of the Na-CNF and CNF films; (d) HRRs of the Na-CNF and CNF films; (e) THR of the Na-CNF and CNF films; (f) PHRR of Na-CNF films and CNF films; (g) vertical combustion experiments of CNF films and Na-CNF films.

Fig.5 Triboelectric properties of the Na-CNF composite films. (a) surface potentials of the Na-CNF and CNF films; (b) Na-CNF-FEP-TENG working principle; (c) schematic of the Na-CNF TENG structure; (d) comparison of the current outputs of the Na-CNF films and CNF films at 2 Hz; (e) comparison of the voltage outputs of the Na-CNF and CNF films at 2 Hz; (f) comparison of the charge outputs from the Na-CNF films and CNF films at 2 Hz; (g) comparison of the output voltages of Na-CNF films and CNF films loaded with different resistances at 2 Hz; (h) comparison of the output currents of Na-CNF films and CNF films loaded with different resistors at 2 Hz; (i) comparison of the power density of Na-CNF and CNF films loaded with different resistors at 2 Hz; (j) 200 s stability test of the Na-CNF films; (k) surface electron cloud density of CNF fragments and surface electron cloud density of Na-CNF fragments.

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