The funding and payout system of social insurance has a significant impact on both the welfare of individuals and the national governance. Budget performance management can optimize fiscal resource allocation and enhance the quality of public services. The inclusion of the social insurance fund budget in the national budget in 2013 as one of China’s “four budgets” underscores the public value orientation it represents and shapes. The main challenge in enhancing the social insurance fund budget system lies in balancing the insurance attribute and the welfare attribute of social insurance, using an inclusive approach to achieve actuarial balance and budget balance, address potential imbalances, forecast and prevent future risks, and alleviate operational pressures. In the future, it is vital to raise the level of budget performance management for social insurance fund through scientific and reasonable performance evaluations, promote high-quality and sustainable development of China’s social security programs, and realize shared development in the new phase of Chinese modernization.