| Urban Management: Developing Sustainable, Resilient, and Equitable Cities Co-edited by Wei-Qiang CHEN, Hua CAI, Benjamin GOLDSTEIN, Oliver HEIDRICH and Yu LIU |
|
|
|
Urban constructed wetlands: Assessing ecosystem services and disservices for safe, resilient, and sustainable cities |
Aamir Mehmood SHAH1, Gengyuan LIU2( ), Yu CHEN3, Qing YANG4, Ningyu YAN5, Feni AGOSTINHO6, Cecilia M. V. B. ALMEIDA6, Biagio F. GIANNETTI6 |
1. State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
2. State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Watershed Environmental Restoration & Integrated Ecological Regulation, Beijing 100875, China
3. State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
4. Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
5. Key Laboratory for City Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
6. State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Produção, Laboratório de Produção e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Paulista (UNIP), São Paulo 04026-002, Brazil |
|
|
|
|
Abstract Climate change and rapid urbanization are pressing environmental and social concerns, with approximately 56% of the global population living in urban areas. This number is expected to rise to 68% by 2050, leading to the expansion of cities and encroachment upon natural areas, including wetlands, causing their degradation and fragmentation. To mitigate these challenges, green and blue infrastructures (GBIs), such as constructed wetlands, have been proposed to emulate and replace the functions of natural wetlands. This study evaluates the potential of eight constructed wetlands near Beijing, China, focusing on their ecosystem services (ESs), cost savings related to human health, growing/maintenance expenses, and disservices using an emergy-based assessment procedure. The results indicate that all constructed wetlands effectively purify wastewater, reducing nutrient concentrations (e.g., total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total suspended solids). Among the studied wetlands, the integrated vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland (CW-4) demonstrates the highest wastewater purification capability (1.63E+14 sej/m2/yr) compared to other types (6.78E+13 and 2.08E+13 sej/m2/yr). Additionally, constructed wetlands contribute to flood mitigation, groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat protection, and carbon sequestration, resembling the functions of natural wetlands. However, the implementation of constructed wetlands in cities is not without challenges, including greenhouse gas emissions, green waste management, mosquito issues, and disturbances in the surrounding urban areas, negatively impacting residents. The ternary phase diagram reveals that all constructed wetlands provide more benefits than costs and impacts. CW-4 shows the highest benefit‒cost ratio, reaching 50%, while free water surface constructed wetland (CW-3) exhibits the lowest benefits (approximately 38%), higher impacts (approximately 25%), and lower costs (approximately 37%) compared to other wetlands. The study advocates the use of an emergy approach as a reliable method to assess the quality of constructed wetlands, providing valuable insights for policymakers in selecting suitable constructed wetlands for effective urban ecological management.
|
| Keywords
constructed wetland
emergy
ecosystem services
disservices
ternary diagram
|
|
Corresponding Author(s):
Gengyuan LIU
|
|
Just Accepted Date: 27 October 2023
Online First Date: 16 November 2023
Issue Date: 07 December 2023
|
|
| 1 |
N L Bateganya, A Mentler, G Langergraber, H Busulwa, T Hein, (2015). Carbon and nitrogen gaseous fluxes from subsurface flow wetland buffer strips at mesocosm scale in East Africa. Ecological Engineering, 85: 173–184
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.09.081
|
| 2 |
M T BrownE Bardi (2001). Handbook of Emergy Evaluation: A Compendium of Data for Emergy Computation Issued in a Series of Folios. Folio #3 Emergy of Ecosystems. Gainesville: Center for Environmental Policy, Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida
|
| 3 |
M T BrownS Brandt-WilliamsD R TilleyS Ulgiati (2000). Emergy synthesis 3: Theory and applications of the emergy methodology. In: Proceedings of the 3rd Biennial Emergy Research Conference. Gainesville, FL: Center for Environmental Policy, University of Florida
|
| 4 |
M T Brown, S Ulgiati, (1997). Emergy-based indices and ratios to evaluate sustainability: Monitoring economies and technology toward environmentally sound innovation. Ecological Engineering, 9( 1–2): 51–69
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8574(97)00033-5
|
| 5 |
M T Brown, S Ulgiati, (2011). Understanding the global economic crisis: A biophysical perspective. Ecological Modelling, 223( 1): 4–13
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.05.019
|
| 6 |
M T Brown, S Ulgiati, (2016). Emergy assessment of global renewable sources. Ecological Modelling, 339: 148–156
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2016.03.010
|
| 7 |
A Cachelin, K Paisley, A Blanchard, (2009). Using the significant life experience framework to inform program evaluation: The nature conservancy’s wings & water wetlands education program. Journal of Environmental Education, 40( 2): 2–14
https://doi.org/10.3200/JOEE.40.2.2-14
|
| 8 |
C S Calheiros, P V Quitério, G Silva, L F Crispim, H Brix, S C Moura, P M Castro, (2012). Use of constructed wetland systems with Arundo and Sarcocornia for polishing high salinity tannery wastewater. Journal of Environmental Management, 95( 1): 66–71
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.10.003
|
| 9 |
III F S Chapin, V T Eviner, (2007). Biogeochemistry of terrestrial net primary production. Treatise on Geochemistry, 8: 1–35
https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/08130-5
|
| 10 |
Z M Chen, B Chen, J B Zhou, Z Li, Y Zhou, X R Xi, C Lin, G Q Chen, (2008). A vertical subsurface-flow constructed wetland in Beijing. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 13( 9): 1986–1997
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnsns.2007.02.009
|
| 11 |
L Cui, W Li, Y Zhang, J Wei, Y Lei, M Zhang, X Pan, X Zhao, K Li, W Ma, (2016). Nitrogen removal in a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland estimated using the first-order kinetic model. Water, 8( 11): 514
https://doi.org/10.3390/w8110514
|
| 12 |
DBT (2019). Manual on Constructed Wetland as an Alternative Technology for Sewage Management in India. New Delhi: Department of Bio Technology (DBT)
|
| 13 |
S Dhote, S Dixit, (2009). Water quality improvement through macrophytes: A review. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 152( 1–4): 149–153
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0303-9
|
| 14 |
G DotroG LangergraberP MolleJ NivalaJ PuigagutO SteinM von Sperling (2017). Treatment Wetlands. London: IWA Publishing
|
| 15 |
N Duan, X D Liu, J Dai, C Lin, X H Xia, R Y Gao, Y Wang, S Q Chen, J Yang, J Qi, (2011). Evaluating the environmental impacts of an urban wetland park based on emergy accounting and life cycle assessment: A case study in Beijing. Ecological Modelling, 222( 2): 351–359
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.08.028
|
| 16 |
T Elmqvist, H Setälä, S N Handel, der Ploeg S van, J Aronson, J N Blignaut, E Gomez-Baggethun, D J Nowak, J Kronenberg, Groot R de, (2015). Benefits of restoring ecosystem services in urban areas. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 14: 101–108
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2015.05.001
|
| 17 |
I H FarooqiF BasheerR J (2008) Chaudhari. Constructed wetland system (CWS) for wastewater treatment. In: Proceedings of the 12th World Lake Conference. Jaipur: Ministry of Environment and Forests of India, 1004–1009
|
| 18 |
P P Franzese, E Buonocore, L Donnarumma, G F Russo, (2017). Natural capital accounting in marine protected areas: The case of the Islands of Ventotene and S. Stefano (Central Italy). Ecological Modelling, 360: 290–299
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.07.015
|
| 19 |
K B Gedan, M L Kirwan, E Wolanski, E B Barbier, B R Silliman, (2011). The present and future role of coastal wetland vegetation in protecting shorelines: Answering recent challenges to the paradigm. Climatic Change, 106( 1): 7–29
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-0003-7
|
| 20 |
A Ghermandi, J C van den Bergh, L M Brander, H L de Groot, P A Nunes, (2010). Values of natural and human-made wetlands: A meta-analysis. Water Resources Research, 46( 12): W12516
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR009071
|
| 21 |
B F Giannetti, F A Barrella, C Almeida, (2006). A combined tool for environmental scientists and decision makers: Ternary diagrams and emergy accounting. Journal of Cleaner Production, 14( 2): 201–210
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.09.002
|
| 22 |
M GoedkoopR (2001) Spriensma. The Eco-indicator 99: A damage oriented method for life cycle impact assessment. Methodology Report. 3rd ed. 1–83
|
| 23 |
T Granli, O C Bockman, (1995). Nitrous oxide from agriculture. Journal of Environmental Quality, 24( 1): 200
https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1995.00472425002400010030x
|
| 24 |
S Greenhalgh, O Samarasinghe, F Curran-Cournane, W Wright, P Brown, (2017). Using ecosystem services to underpin cost–benefit analysis: Is it a way to protect finite soil resources?. Ecosystem Services, 27: 1–14
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.07.005
|
| 25 |
D Haase, (2015). Reflections about blue ecosystem services in cities. Sustainability of Water Quality and Ecology, 5: 77–83
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.swaqe.2015.02.003
|
| 26 |
L A Hadidi, (2021). Constructed wetlands: A comprehensive review. International Journal of Research-GRANTHAALAYAH, 9( 8): 395–417
https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i8.2021.4176
|
| 27 |
T Häyhä, P P Franzese, (2014). Ecosystem services assessment: A review under an ecological-economic and systems perspective. Ecological Modelling, 289: 124–132
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.07.002
|
| 28 |
K S Hemes, S D Chamberlain, E Eichelmann, S H Knox, D D Baldocchi, (2018). A biogeochemical compromise: The high methane cost of sequestering carbon in restored wetlands. Geophysical Research Letters, 45( 12): 6081–6091
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL077747
|
| 29 |
IPCC (2014). Climate Change 2014. Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
|
| 30 |
N B Irwin, E G Irwin, J F Martin, P Aracena, (2018). Constructed wetlands for water quality improvements: Benefit transfer analysis from Ohio. Journal of Environmental Management, 206: 1063–1071
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.10.050
|
| 31 |
M M Jiang (2007). Study of Thermodynamic Mechanisms of the Urban Development and Its Application: Beijing as a Case. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Beijing: Beijing Normal University
|
| 32 |
H JoostenM L Tapio-BiströmS Tol (2012). Peatlands: Guidance for climate change mitigation through conservation, rehabilitation and sustainable use. 2nd ed. Mitigation of Climate Change in Agriculture Series 5. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Wetlands International
|
| 33 |
R L Knight, V W Payne Jr, R E Borer, R A Clarke Jr, J H Pries, (2000). Constructed wetlands for livestock wastewater management. Ecological Engineering, 15( 1–2): 41–55
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8574(99)00034-8
|
| 34 |
R L Knight, W E Walton, G F O’Meara, W K Reisen, R Wass, (2003). Strategies for effective mosquito control in constructed treatment wetlands. Ecological Engineering, 21( 4–5): 211–232
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2003.11.001
|
| 35 |
K S Lannas, J K Turpie, (2009). Valuing the provisioning services of wetlands: Contrasting a rural wetland in Lesotho with a peri-urban wetland in South Africa. Ecology and Society, 14( 2): 18
https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-02919-140218
|
| 36 |
J Li, J T Wang, H W Hu, Z J Cai, Y R Lei, W Li, M Y Zhang, Z M Li, Y N Zhu, L J Cui, (2019). Changes of the denitrifying communities in a multi-stage free water surface constructed wetland. Science of the Total Environment, 650: 1419–1425
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.123
|
| 37 |
L Li, Y Li, D K Biswas, Y Nian, G Jiang, (2008). Potential of constructed wetlands in treating the eutrophic water: Evidence from Taihu Lake of China. Bioresource Technology, 99( 6): 1656–1663
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.04.001
|
| 38 |
Ü Mander, G Dotro, Y Ebie, S Towprayoon, C Chiemchaisri, S F Nogueira, B Jamsranjav, K Kasak, J Truu, J Tournebize, W J Mitsch, (2014). Greenhouse gas emission in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: A review. Ecological Engineering, 66: 19–35
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.12.006
|
| 39 |
Ü Mander, V Kuusemets, K Lohmus, T Mauring, S Teiter, J Augustin, (2003). Nitrous oxide, dinitrogen and methane emission in a subsurface flow constructed wetland. Water Science and Technology, 48( 5): 135–142
https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0301
|
| 40 |
C Maucieri, A C Barbera, J Vymazal, M Borin, (2017). A review on the main affecting factors of greenhouse gases emission in constructed wetlands. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 236: 175–193
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.01.006
|
| 41 |
S McGregor, V Lawson, P Christophersen, R Kennett, J Boyden, P Bayliss, A Liedloff, B McKaige, A N Andersen, (2010). Indigenous wetland burning: Conserving natural and cultural resources in Australia’s World Heritage-listed Kakadu National Park. Human Ecology: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 38( 6): 721–729
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-010-9362-y
|
| 42 |
S Mellino, E Buonocore, S Ulgiati, (2015). The worth of land use: A GIS–emergy evaluation of natural and human-made capital. Science of the Total Environment, 506: 137–148
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.085
|
| 43 |
F Meng, Q Yuan, R A Bellezoni, J A P de Oliveira, S Cristiano, A M Shah, G Liu, Z Yang, K C Seto, (2023). Quantification of the food–water–energy nexus in urban green and blue infrastructure: A synthesis of the literature. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 188: 106658
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106658
|
| 44 |
M Milani, A Marzo, A Toscano, S Consoli, G L Cirelli, D Ventura, S Barbagallo, (2019). Evapotranspiration from horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands planted with different perennial plant species. Water, 11( 10): 2159
https://doi.org/10.3390/w11102159
|
| 45 |
S Mitra, R Wassmann, P L Vlek, (2005). An appraisal of global wetland area and its organic carbon stock. Current Science, 88( 1): 25–35
|
| 46 |
W J Mitsch, J W Day Jr, (2006). Restoration of wetlands in the Mississippi–Ohio–Missouri (MOM) River Basin: Experience and needed research. Ecological Engineering, 26( 1): 55–69
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2005.09.005
|
| 47 |
W J MitschJ G Gosselink (2015). Wetlands. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons
|
| 48 |
T J Mozdzer, J P Megonigal, (2013). Increased methane emissions by an introduced Phragmites australis lineage under global change. Wetlands, 33( 4): 609–615
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-013-0417-x
|
| 49 |
C Murray (2013). An assessment of cost benefit analysis approaches to mangrove management. Technical Report 2013/006. Auckland Council
|
| 50 |
H Nagendra, X Bai, E S Brondizio, S Lwasa, (2018). The urban south and the predicament of global sustainability. Nature Sustainability, 1( 7): 341–349
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0101-5
|
| 51 |
M Nelson, H T Odum, M T Brown, A Alling, (2001). “Living off the land”: Resource efficiency of wetland wastewater treatment. Advances in Space Research, 27( 9): 1547–1556
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1177(01)00246-0
|
| 52 |
E C O’Donnell, N R Netusil, F K Chan, N J Dolman, S N Gosling, (2021). International perceptions of urban blue–green infrastructure: A comparison across four cities. Water, 13( 4): 544
https://doi.org/10.3390/w13040544
|
| 53 |
H T Odum (1996). Environmental Accounting: Emergy and Environmental Decision Making. New York: Wiley
|
| 54 |
D Parde, A Patwa, A Shukla, R Vijay, D J Killedar, R Kumar, (2021). A review of constructed wetland on type, treatment and technology of wastewater. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 21: 101261
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2020.101261
|
| 55 |
M RozkošnỳJ ŠálekJ (2006) Šálek. Water balance of the constructed wetlands: A study of the macrophytes evapotranspiration. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control. Lisbon: IWA Publishing, 23–29
|
| 56 |
T Saeed, G Sun, (2012). A review on nitrogen and organics removal mechanisms in subsurface flow constructed wetlands: Dependency on environmental parameters, operating conditions and supporting media. Journal of Environmental Management, 112: 429–448
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.011
|
| 57 |
A M Shah, G Liu, Z Huo, Q Yang, W Zhang, F Meng, L Yao, S Ulgiati, (2022). Assessing environmental services and disservices of urban street trees: An application of the emergy accounting. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 186: 106563
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106563
|
| 58 |
A M Shah, G Liu, F Meng, Q Yang, J Xue, S Dumontet, R Passaro, M Casazza, (2021). A review of urban green and blue infrastructure from the perspective of food–energy–water nexus. Energies, 14( 15): 4583
https://doi.org/10.3390/en14154583
|
| 59 |
A M ShahG LiuW Zhang (2020). Integrated ecological effects of urban green–blue infrastructure: From the perspective of food–energy–water nexus. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Applied Energy. Bangkok, 508
|
| 60 |
B Sharma, G Rasul, N Chettri, (2015). The economic value of wetland ecosystem services: Evidence from the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal. Ecosystem Services, 12: 84–93
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.02.007
|
| 61 |
M L Solano, P Soriano, M P Ciria, (2004). Constructed wetlands as a sustainable solution for wastewater treatment in small villages. Biosystems Engineering, 87( 1): 109–118
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2003.10.005
|
| 62 |
D Steer, L Fraser, J Boddy, B Seibert, (2002). Efficiency of small constructed wetlands for subsurface treatment of single-family domestic effluent. Ecological Engineering, 18( 4): 429–440
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8574(01)00104-5
|
| 63 |
A StefanakisC S AkratosV A Tsihrintzis (2014). Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands: Eco-engineering Systems for Wastewater and Sludge Treatment. Berlin: Elsevier Science
|
| 64 |
A I Stefanakis (2018). Introduction to constructed wetland technology. In: Alexandros S, ed. Constructed Wetlands for Industrial Wastewater Treatment. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons
|
| 65 |
J S Sudarsan, S Subramani, R J Rajan, I Shah, S Nithiyanantham, (2018). Simulation of constructed wetland in treating wastewater using fuzzy logic technique. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1000: 012137
https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1000/1/012137
|
| 66 |
R Sun, A Chen, L Chen, Y Lü, (2012). Cooling effects of wetlands in an urban region: The case of Beijing. Ecological Indicators, 20: 57–64
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.02.006
|
| 67 |
S Teiter, Ü Mander, (2005). Emission of N2O, N2, CH4, and CO2 from constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment and from riparian buffer zones. Ecological Engineering, 25( 5): 528–541
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2005.07.011
|
| 68 |
R Thompson (2018). Evaluating the Benefits, Sustainability, and Resilience of Green Infrastructure on a Sustainable Residential Home. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. College Park, MA: University of Maryland
|
| 69 |
E TilleyL UlrichC LüthiP ReymondC Zurbrügg (2014). Compendium of sanitation systems and technologies. 2nd ed. The International Water Association (IWA) and Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)
|
| 70 |
N U Ukidwe, B R Bakshi, (2007). Industrial and ecological cumulative exergy consumption of the United States via the 1997 input–output benchmark model. Energy, 32( 9): 1560–1592
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2006.11.005
|
| 71 |
B T van Zanten, P H Verburg, M Espinosa, S Gomez-y-Paloma, G Galimberti, J Kantelhardt, M Kapfer, M Lefebvre, R Manrique, A Piorr, M Raggi, L Schaller, S Targetti, I Zasada, D Viaggi, (2014). European agricultural landscapes, common agricultural policy and ecosystem services: A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 34( 2): 309–325
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-013-0183-4
|
| 72 |
A C VanderZaag, R J Gordon, D L Burton, R C Jamieson, G W Stratton, (2008). Ammonia emissions from surface flow and subsurface flow constructed wetlands treating dairy wastewater. Journal of Environmental Quality, 37( 6): 2028–2036
https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2008.0021
|
| 73 |
Döhren P von, D Haase, (2015). Ecosystem disservices research: A review of the state of the art with a focus on cities. Ecological Indicators, 52: 490–497
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.12.027
|
| 74 |
J Vymazal, (2007). Removal of nutrients in various types of constructed wetlands. Science of the Total Environment, 380( 1–3): 48–65
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.09.014
|
| 75 |
J Vymazal, (2011a). Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: Five decades of experience. Environmental Science & Technology, 45( 1): 61–69
https://doi.org/10.1021/es101403q
|
| 76 |
J Vymazal, (2011b). Enhancing ecosystem services on the landscape with created, constructed and restored wetlands. Ecological Engineering, 37( 1): 1–5
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.07.031
|
| 77 |
J VymazalM GreenwayK TonderskiH BrixÜ (2006) Mander. Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. In: Verhoeven J T A, Beltman B, Bobbink R, Whigham D F, eds. Wetlands and Natural Resource Management. Heidelberg: Springer Berlin, 69–96
|
| 78 |
J VymazalL Kröpfelová (2008). Wastewater Treatment in Constructed Wetlands with Horizontal Sub-surface Flow. Dordrecht: Springer
|
| 79 |
H X Wang, J L Xu, L X Sheng, X J Liu, (2018). A review of research on substrate materials for constructed wetlands. Materials Science Forum, 913: 917–929
https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.913.917
|
| 80 |
Q H Wang, L S Duan, J Y Wu, J Yang, (2008). Growth vitality and pollutants-removal ability of plants in constructed wetland in Beijing region. Journal of Applied Ecology, 19( 5): 1131–1137
|
| 81 |
S Wu, D Austin, L Liu, R Dong, (2011). Performance of integrated household constructed wetland for domestic wastewater treatment in rural areas. Ecological Engineering, 37( 6): 948–954
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2011.02.002
|
| 82 |
E Xie, A Ding, L Zheng, C Lu, J Wang, B Huang, H Xiu, (2016). Seasonal variation in populations of nitrogen-transforming bacteria and correlation with nitrogen removal in a full-scale horizontal flow constructed wetland treating polluted river water. Geomicrobiology Journal, 33( 3–4): 338–346
https://doi.org/10.1080/01490451.2015.1052115
|
| 83 |
X L Xie, F He, D Xu, J K Dong, S P Cheng, Z B Wu, (2012). Application of large-scale integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland in Beijing Olympic Forest Park: Design, operation and performance. Water and Environment Journal, 26( 1): 100–107
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2011.00268.x
|
| 84 |
J Yang, Q Yu, P Gong, (2008). Quantifying air pollution removal by green roofs in Chicago. Atmospheric Environment, 42( 31): 7266–7273
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.07.003
|
| 85 |
Q Yang, G Liu, M Casazza, E T Campbell, B F Giannetti, M T Brown, (2018). Development of a new framework for non-monetary accounting on ecosystem services valuation. Ecosystem Services, 34: 37–54
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.09.006
|
| 86 |
Q Yang, G Liu, B F Giannetti, F Agostinho, C M Almeida, M Casazza, (2020). Emergy-based ecosystem services valuation and classification management applied to China’s grasslands. Ecosystem Services, 42: 101073
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101073
|
| 87 |
H Zhang, B Cui, J Hong, K Zhang, (2011). Synergism of natural and constructed wetlands in Beijing, China. Ecological Engineering, 37( 2): 128–138
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.08.001
|
| 88 |
J B Zhou, M M Jiang, B Chen, G Q Chen, (2009). Emergy evaluations for constructed wetland and conventional wastewater treatments. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 14( 4): 1781–1789
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnsns.2007.08.010
|
| 89 |
Y Zhou (2004). The research and application of wastewater treatment in the Longdao River: A demonstration project of the application of Danish Rootzone Technology. Project Data
|
|
Viewed |
|
|
|
Full text
|
|
|
|
|
Abstract
|
|
|
|
|
Cited |
|
|
|
|
| |
Shared |
|
|
|
|
| |
Discussed |
|
|
|
|
