Geological significance of the former Xiong’er Volcanic Belt on the southwestern margin of the North China Craton

doi:10.1007/s11707-018-0694-z

Front. Earth Sci.

2019, Vol. 13

Issue (1) : 191-208 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-018-0694-z

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Geological significance of the former Xiong’er Volcanic Belt on the southwestern margin of the North China Craton

Guanxu CHEN, Jinhai LUO(

), Huan XU, Jia YOU, Yifei LI, Zichen CHE

State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics (Northwest University), Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China

Download: PDF(7154 KB) HTML
Export: BibTeX | EndNote | Reference Manager | ProCite | RefWorks

Abstract

The rock association of low-grade metasedimentary rocks and greenschists located within the Meso-Cenozoic Liupanshan Fault system on the southwestern margin of the North China Craton (NCC) is regarded as part of the Paleoproterozoic Xiong’er Group. These low-grade rocks are separated by normal faults, with the greenschist located in the hanging walls. Zircon LA–ICP–MS U–Pb ages of the greenschists range from 2455 to 423 Ma, suggesting that they are not Paleoproterozoic in age. The protolith ages (206–194 Ma) of the greenschists were determined by LA–ICP–MS U–Pb dating of zircons from two siltstone interlayers. The petrology and geochemistry of the greenschists reveal that their protolith was continental tholeiitic basalt that formed in an extensional environment such as a continental rift. Thus, it is proposed that the protolith of the greenschists was a mafic volcanic rock of Late Triassic–Early Jurassic age and was metamorphosed during the Jurassic due to tectonism within the Liupanshan tectonic belt. These results show that the greenschists should be reclassified and removed from the Xiong’er Group, and explains why they differ so much from those of typical Xiong’er Group successions in other areas. The formation of the mafic volcanic rocks under conditions of continental rifting differs from that of coeval granitic rocks in the western Qinling Orogen, where the extension occurred during a post-collisional stage in the Late Triassic, which further suggests that the southwestern margin of the NCC became an extensional setting after the Late Triassic.

Keywords southwestern margin of the NCC Paleoproterozoic Xiong’er Group greenschist detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology Late Triassic to Early Jurassic

Corresponding Author(s): Jinhai LUO

Just Accepted Date: 14 May 2018 Online First Date: 21 June 2018 Issue Date: 25 January 2019

Cite this article:

Guanxu CHEN,Jinhai LUO,Huan XU, et al. Geological significance of the former Xiong’er Volcanic Belt on the southwestern margin of the North China Craton[J]. Front. Earth Sci., 2019, 13(1): 191-208.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/10.1007/s11707-018-0694-z
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/Y2019/V13/I1/191

Fig.1 Geological map around the former Xiong’er Group in the southwestern margin of the North China Craton (modified from the 1:200,000 Baoji Geological Map (1966), 1:250,000 Baojishi Geological Map (2003), and this paper). (a) Tectonic map of China, showing the location of the study area; (b) geological map of the study area; (c) geological map of the Xiong’er Group; (d) enlarged geological map of greenschists in the Xiong’er Group. F₁-Shangdan suture, F₂-Liupanshan fault system.

Fig.2 Cross-section of the Xiong’er Group in the study area. The location of the cross-section is shown in Fig. 1(d).

Fig.3 Outcrop photographs of greenschists in Fengjiashan. (a) Normal fault between greenschist and calcareous slate at outcrop No. 1; (b) contact relationships between greenschists and calcareous slates at outcrop No. 2; (c) enlarged photograph of the brecciated fault zone at outcrop No. 2; (d) greenschists at outcrop No. 3, where samples for geochemical analysis were collected; (e)–(f) interbedded siltstone and greenschist at outcrops Nos. 4 and 5. Locations of outcrops Nos. 1–5 are shown in Fig. 1(d) and Fig. 2.

Fig.4 Microphotographs of the greenschists. (a) Plane-polarized light; (b) cross-polarized light. Ab-albite, Act-actinolite, Chl-chlorite, Ep-epidote.

Composition	14LP05	14LP06	14LP07	14LP08	14LP09	14LP10	14LP11	14LP12	14LP13	14LP14
SiO₂	46.06	45.00	48.63	44.75	47.71	45.56	44.33	46.52	47.28	46.50
TiO₂	1.28	2.03	1.81	1.58	1.70	1.85	2.02	1.86	1.72	1.77
Al₂O₃	10.18	14.10	13.13	12.38	12.83	13.78	15.57	13.26	13.00	13.89
^TFe₂O₃	9.43	15.98	14.85	12.22	14.23	14.50	16.24	15.05	15.07	14.28
MnO	0.15	0.22	0.19	0.17	0.20	0.18	0.19	0.20	0.21	0.20
MgO	3.67	7.01	6.56	4.23	5.58	5.25	4.87	7.04	6.57	6.37
CaO	15.33	9.05	9.35	14.00	10.64	10.52	11.38	9.84	9.88	11.11
Na₂O	2.58	2.61	1.93	2.18	2.59	2.35	1.06	2.12	2.22	2.25
K₂O	0.34	0.23	0.39	0.30	0.32	0.20	0.14	0.38	0.20	0.20
P₂O₅	0.10	0.15	0.14	0.12	0.13	0.14	0.16	0.14	0.13	0.13
LOI	10.95	3.46	3.15	8.29	3.82	5.81	3.84	3.09	3.59	3.05
Total	100.11	99.84	100.13	100.23	99.75	100.14	99.80	99.50	99.87	99.75
Mg^#	40.06	43.07	43.24	37.38	40.34	38.44	34.09	44.65	42.92	43.48
Rb	3.72	2.56	4.44	3.90	4.93	2.24	2.25	4.29	2.16	2.08
Ga	13.6	20.3	20.7	17.9	18.6	19.9	24.4	20.9	19.9	21.6
Sr	171	393	408	297	205	206	467	306	348	573
Y	22.7	34.1	30.3	27.0	27.9	30.0	33.8	30.7	27.2	29.4
Zr	72.1	112	102	87.5	94.5	101	111	101	94.4	96.1
Nb	3.70	5.90	5.30	4.55	4.88	5.24	5.78	5.24	4.88	5.02
Cs	0.250	0.075	0.052	0.530	0.430	0.092	0.370	0.055	0.064	0.063
Ba	55.6	65.2	107	82.6	79.2	52.1	67.0	101	52.8	43.0
Hf	1.83	2.91	2.65	2.27	2.44	2.58	2.89	2.62	2.43	2.46
Ta	0.25	0.38	0.35	0.30	0.32	0.35	0.38	0.35	0.32	0.33
Pb	0.81	0.94	1.29	1.27	1.35	1.17	2.16	0.97	1.62	1.90
Th	0.43	0.64	0.58	0.49	0.54	0.61	0.63	0.58	0.53	0.55
U	0.12	0.18	0.18	0.14	0.16	0.17	0.19	0.16	0.15	0.16
La	4.91	6.89	5.96	5.26	5.42	5.77	6.50	6.04	5.32	5.75
Ce	12.5	18.2	16.0	13.8	14.7	15.8	17.4	15.9	14.3	15.1
Pr	1.92	2.88	2.52	2.18	2.30	2.50	2.75	2.53	2.27	2.39
Nd	9.67	14.4	12.6	11.0	11.7	12.6	13.8	12.7	11.4	12.0
Sm	2.92	4.50	4.01	3.48	3.76	4.01	4.36	4.07	3.63	3.85
Eu	0.96	1.52	1.44	1.27	1.30	1.39	1.55	1.49	1.28	1.36
Gd	3.36	5.23	4.66	4.08	4.36	4.70	5.14	4.72	4.25	4.49
Tb	0.60	0.94	0.84	0.73	0.77	0.84	0.92	0.84	0.77	0.81
Dy	3.86	5.97	5.36	4.77	5.01	5.36	5.95	5.41	4.88	5.10
Ho	0.79	1.22	1.11	0.98	1.03	1.10	1.24	1.12	1.01	1.06
Er	2.28	3.46	3.13	2.77	2.86	3.05	3.45	3.16	2.84	2.96
Tm	0.33	0.49	0.45	0.40	0.42	0.44	0.50	0.45	0.40	0.43
Yb	2.08	3.09	2.89	2.62	2.63	2.80	3.25	2.94	2.67	2.82
Lu	0.32	0.46	0.42	0.38	0.39	0.41	0.47	0.43	0.39	0.41
SREE	46.45	69.20	61.44	53.82	56.61	60.75	67.30	61.80	55.48	58.51
(La/Yb)_N	1.59	1.50	1.39	1.35	1.39	1.39	1.35	1.38	1.34	1.37
dEu	0.94	0.95	1.02	1.03	0.98	0.98	1.00	1.04	1.00	1.00

Tab.1 Major-element (wt%) and trace-element (ppm) compositions of greenschists of the former Xiong’er Group in the southwestern margin of the NCC

Fig.5 TAS diagram (after ^{Le Bas et al., 1986}) for the greenschists.

Fig.6 (a) Chondrite-normalized REE pattern for the greenschists (chondrite data from Boynton, 1984), (b) primitive-mantle-normalized spider diagram for the greenschists of the Xiong’er Group (primitive mantle data from ^{Sun and McDonough, 1989}).

Fig.7 (a) SiO₂–ALK discrimination diagram (after Irvine and Baragar, 1971) for the greenschists. (b) AFM discrimination diagram for the greenschists.

Fig.8 (a) Log Th/Hf–Ta/Hf and (b) Log La/Zr–Nb/Zr discrimination diagrams for the greenschists. I-divergent margin; II-convergent margin; II₁-oceanic island arc basalt; II₂-continental margin island arc; III-oceanic intraplate oceanic island, seamount basalt area, and T-MORB and E-MORB; IV-continental plate; IV₁-intracontinental rift and continental marginal rift tholeiite; IV₂-intracontinental rift alkaline basalt; IV₃-continental extensional or initial rift basalt; V-mantle plume basalt (after Li et al., 2013).

Fig.9 Cathodoluminescence (CL) images of zircons from the greenschists. Circles indicate analysis sites, and figures within the circles are analysis numbers; the ages are given below the corresponding zircons.

Fig.10 Concordia diagrams for the greenschist samples. Interpreted ages are ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U for zircons with ages of<1.0 Ga and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb for zircons with ages of>1.0 Ga.

Sample	Spot	Pb^*	²³²Th	²³⁸U	Th/U	Isotopic ratios						Ages/Ma
	no.	/ppm	/ppm	/ppm		²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb		²⁰⁷Pb/²³⁵U		²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U		²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb		²⁰⁷Pb/²³⁵U		²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U
						ratios	1s	ratios	1s	ratios	1s	Ages	1s	Ages	1s	Ages	1s
16LP05 (Collected at ⑥ observation spot)	1	32.4	86.59	69.82	1.24	0.1119	0.003	4.803	0.097	0.311	0.004	1830	18	1785	17	1747	21
	3	250.4	64.66	647.74	0.1	0.1236	0.001	5.615	0.04	0.33	0.002	2008	17	1918	6	1837	10
	5	30.2	24.66	71.44	0.35	0.1159	0.002	5.479	0.073	0.343	0.003	1894	12	1897	11	1900	16
	6	13.9	106.72	158.65	0.67	0.0562	0.002	0.529	0.017	0.068	0.001	460	44	431	11	425	6
	7	40.4	298.58	503.76	0.59	0.0551	0.001	0.478	0.009	0.063	0.001	417	24	397	6	393	4
	8	158.9	21.85	316.53	0.07	0.1392	0.002	7.968	0.071	0.415	0.003	2218	7	2227	8	2238	14
	10	164.2	31.69	404.52	0.08	0.1231	0.001	5.944	0.044	0.35	0.002	2001	18	1968	6	1936	10
	11	160.1	35.68	380	0.09	0.1227	0.001	6.133	0.046	0.362	0.002	1996	6	1995	7	1994	11
	12	152	12.69	363.01	0.03	0.1237	0.001	6.221	0.047	0.365	0.002	2010	6	2007	7	2005	11
	15	28.3	316.27	283.31	1.12	0.06	0.001	0.583	0.011	0.071	0.001	602	24	467	7	439	4
	16	108.6	179.66	249.83	0.72	0.1145	0.001	5.166	0.047	0.327	0.002	1872	8	1847	8	1825	12
	17	155.2	33.66	356.57	0.09	0.1216	0.001	6.097	0.051	0.364	0.002	1980	19	1990	7	1999	11
	20	41.5	458.05	383.82	1.19	0.0617	0.003	0.629	0.025	0.074	0.001	662	90	495	15	460	5
	22	17.4	131.52	189.93	0.69	0.0591	0.002	0.589	0.014	0.072	0.001	570	32	470	9	450	5
	24	122.3	24.67	285.36	0.09	0.1248	0.001	6.408	0.051	0.372	0.003	2026	6	2033	7	2041	12
	28	143.3	27.82	370.5	0.08	0.1235	0.001	5.717	0.048	0.336	0.002	2008	20	1934	7	1866	11
	29	216.4	121.64	363.69	0.33	0.16	0.002	10.53	0.082	0.478	0.003	2455	6	2483	7	2517	14
	33	192.2	57.87	435.42	0.13	0.1256	0.001	6.618	0.049	0.382	0.002	2038	6	2062	6	2086	12
	34	34.6	59.81	87.79	0.68	0.1049	0.002	4.408	0.076	0.305	0.004	1713	16	1714	14	1715	17
	35	22.5	92.07	280.15	0.33	0.0554	0.002	0.518	0.017	0.068	0.001	427	80	424	11	423	5
	36	206.2	76.41	524.39	0.15	0.1214	0.001	5.674	0.046	0.339	0.002	1976	19	1927	7	1882	11
14LP03 (Collected at ⑤ observation spot)	1	8.17	79.34	84.52	0.94	0.0571	0.0031	0.5651	0.0285	0.0717	0.0011	496	85	455	19	446	6
	2	125.4	133.87	747.28	0.18	0.0708	0.0016	1.4757	0.02	0.1511	0.0015	951	13	920	8	907	8
	4	86.82	548.29	1273.57	0.43	0.0622	0.0016	0.4923	0.0085	0.0574	0.0006	525	64	381	8	358	4
	5	25.06	43	62.53	0.69	0.1163	0.0034	4.9619	0.1129	0.3092	0.0042	1900	22	1813	19	1737	21
	6	11.7	31.95	30.67	1.04	0.11	0.0039	4.1077	0.1232	0.2707	0.0042	1799	32	1656	24	1544	22
	8	224.32	232.55	411.77	0.56	0.1606	0.0035	9.2603	0.1048	0.418	0.0042	2462	9	2364	10	2251	19
	9	12.19	133.01	134.62	0.99	0.0609	0.0027	0.5615	0.022	0.0669	0.0009	634	61	453	14	417	5
	10	26.05	42.42	64.54	0.66	0.1145	0.0031	4.9062	0.1014	0.3107	0.0039	1872	20	1803	17	1744	19
	11	12.73	179.92	132.62	1.36	0.1182	0.0046	0.9433	0.0309	0.0579	0.0008	656	225	380	31	337	6
	13	29.66	235.37	190.39	1.24	0.0742	0.0023	1.0371	0.0252	0.1014	0.0012	1046	30	722	13	622	7
	15	28.1	234.81	298.24	0.79	0.0581	0.0019	0.584	0.0151	0.0729	0.0008	534	36	467	10	453	5
	16	23.24	309.58	243.32	1.27	0.055	0.0019	0.5082	0.0149	0.067	0.0008	412	44	417	10	418	5
	17	12.67	118.83	139.4	0.85	0.057	0.0025	0.5438	0.0208	0.0691	0.0009	493	61	441	14	431	5
	18	8.4	59.99	80.82	0.74	0.0673	0.0034	0.6943	0.0321	0.0748	0.0012	503	174	467	28	459	7
	19	44.65	727.02	432.77	1.68	0.063	0.0018	0.5776	0.0128	0.0665	0.0007	709	29	463	8	415	4
	20	26.36	328.09	592.02	0.55	0.0755	0.0028	0.3487	0.011	0.0335	0.0004	224	146	207	12	206	3
	21	28.62	196.15	261.53	0.75	0.0674	0.0022	0.7793	0.02	0.0839	0.001	850	34	585	11	519	6
	22	19.75	44	45.86	0.96	0.1124	0.0042	4.8325	0.1603	0.3119	0.0054	1838	35	1791	28	1750	27
	28	37.73	405.57	438.11	0.93	0.0561	0.0017	0.5	0.0122	0.0647	0.0007	456	34	412	8	404	4
	29	37.96	512.81	374.67	1.37	0.0715	0.0021	0.6627	0.0151	0.0672	0.0008	537	134	432	20	412	5
	30	23.02	196.75	249.1	0.79	0.0599	0.002	0.5926	0.0166	0.0718	0.0009	601	40	473	11	447	5
	31	20.9	150.63	227.75	0.66	0.075	0.0025	0.7091	0.0192	0.0686	0.0008	555	116	441	18	419	5
	32	128.77	82.79	334.95	0.25	0.1203	0.0027	5.4246	0.0685	0.3273	0.0034	1960	10	1889	11	1825	17
14LP04 (Collected at ④ observation spot)	1	35.53	199.78	280.24	0.71	0.0801	0.0026	1.1174	0.0286	0.1012	0.0012	1059	87	721	21	617	8
	2	13	202.75	130.53	1.55	0.0592	0.0026	0.5453	0.0212	0.0668	0.0009	575	61	442	14	417	5
	4	44.78	400.66	496.53	0.81	0.0579	0.0016	0.5661	0.0116	0.0709	0.0008	525	26	455	8	442	5
	5	57.09	27.81	179.09	0.16	0.1222	0.0032	4.5711	0.0853	0.2712	0.0033	1859	45	1674	17	1530	17
	6	10.34	98.29	117.24	0.84	0.0601	0.0026	0.5694	0.0222	0.0687	0.0009	608	60	458	14	428	6
	7	69.24	156.11	158.28	0.99	0.1206	0.0029	5.4044	0.0817	0.3249	0.0036	1965	13	1886	13	1814	18
	8	27.4	259.06	294.82	0.88	0.0636	0.002	0.6194	0.0153	0.0706	0.0008	729	33	489	10	440	5
	9	69.12	168.46	158.28	1.06	0.1239	0.0032	5.7232	0.1079	0.3348	0.0042	2014	17	1935	16	1862	20
	10	10.53	108.53	116.18	0.93	0.0585	0.0026	0.5599	0.0228	0.0694	0.001	550	64	451	15	432	6
	11	21.41	183.74	242.59	0.76	0.0569	0.002	0.551	0.0158	0.0702	0.0008	489	42	446	10	437	5
	12	19.11	158.12	220.33	0.72	0.056	0.002	0.54	0.0167	0.0699	0.0009	454	47	438	11	435	5
	13	138.91	269.57	163.69	1.65	0.2281	0.0051	18.4964	0.2458	0.5878	0.0067	3039	10	3016	13	2981	27
	14	11.81	91.98	142.44	0.65	0.0569	0.0024	0.5274	0.0199	0.0672	0.0009	488	60	430	13	419	5
	15	11.33	22.16	29.45	0.75	0.1079	0.0043	4.3776	0.158	0.2941	0.0053	1675	105	1662	43	1651	28
	18	38.88	274.83	291.65	0.94	0.0715	0.0032	0.5879	0.0238	0.0596	0.0009	511	173	387	24	367	6
	19	12.11	194.73	240.07	0.81	0.0813	0.0032	0.4076	0.0139	0.0364	0.0005	337	171	232	15	222	3
	20	99.05	244.12	212.18	1.15	0.1213	0.0028	5.5012	0.0784	0.3289	0.0036	1975	12	1901	12	1833	17
	21	55.48	211.45	332.88	0.64	0.0691	0.0018	1.2796	0.0231	0.1342	0.0015	902	20	837	10	812	8
	22	21.48	469.62	451.89	1.04	0.0495	0.0019	0.2465	0.008	0.0361	0.0004	173	54	224	7	229	3
	23	20.39	381.03	440.83	0.86	0.0493	0.0019	0.2447	0.0079	0.036	0.0004	163	53	222	6	228	3
	24	15.3	146.76	175.59	0.84	0.0542	0.0022	0.5087	0.0178	0.0681	0.0009	379	55	418	12	425	5
	25	16.12	101.39	194.07	0.52	0.0565	0.0021	0.5425	0.0174	0.0697	0.0009	471	49	440	11	434	5
	26	70.1	559.16	849.72	0.66	0.0561	0.0014	0.5165	0.0091	0.0668	0.0007	455	21	423	6	417	4
	27	43.29	87.78	591.28	0.15	0.0568	0.0015	0.5299	0.0105	0.0677	0.0007	482	25	432	7	422	4
	29	43.95	439.95	489.38	0.9	0.0565	0.0016	0.5314	0.0115	0.0682	0.0008	472	29	433	8	425	5
	30	27	265.3	302.29	0.88	0.059	0.0019	0.5526	0.0143	0.068	0.0008	565	36	447	9	424	5
	33	26.03	12.71	68.24	0.19	0.1173	0.0032	5.4684	0.114	0.3382	0.0045	1915	20	1896	18	1878	22
	34	27.77	323.26	284.38	1.14	0.0566	0.0019	0.5575	0.0155	0.0714	0.0009	477	41	450	10	445	5
	36	106.83	102.37	374.38	0.27	0.0952	0.0022	3.2884	0.0462	0.2505	0.0027	1471	39	1450	13	1436	14
	37	23.73	246.02	252.5	0.97	0.0548	0.0019	0.5275	0.0156	0.0699	0.0009	402	44	430	10	435	5
	38	25.07	359.3	243.87	1.47	0.0561	0.0019	0.5328	0.0155	0.0689	0.0008	455	43	434	10	430	5
	39	11.29	117.82	263.15	0.45	0.0903	0.0042	0.4013	0.0169	0.0322	0.0005	107	185	187	14	194	3
	40	52.6	17.97	130.48	0.14	0.121	0.0029	5.9466	0.0978	0.3565	0.0042	1971	14	1968	14	1966	20

Tab.2 LA-ICP-MS U–Pb data for zircons from greenschists and the interbedded siltstones within greenschists

Fig.11 Cathodoluminescence (CL) images of zircons from the siltstones interbedded with the greenschists. Circles indicate analysis sites, and figures within the circles are analysis numbers; the ages are given below the corresponding zircons.

Fig.12 Concordia diagrams for the siltstones interlayered with the greenschists. Interpreted ages are ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U for zircons with ages of<1.0 Ga and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb for zircons with ages of>1.0 Ga.

Tab.3 Magmatic rocks of Late Triassic in the western Qinling orogen and Longshan area

Tab.4 Magmatic rocks with formation ages of 413? 452 Ma in the Longshan area

Fig.13 Discrimination diagram for the greenschists (after ^{Wood, 1980}). A= N-MORB; B= E-MORB and intraplate tholeiite; C= intraplate alkaline basalt; D= volcanic arc basalt.

1	S MBai, C G Lu (2009). The characteristics and age of south section of Helanshan Dazhangchang granodiorite. NingXia Enginering Technology, 8: 282–286 (in Chinese)
2	Baoji Geological Map (1966). Shaanxi Institute of Geological Survey
3	Baojishi Geological Map (2003). Shaanxi Institute of Geological Survey
4	W WBoynton (1984). Cosmochemistry of the rare earth elements: meteorite studies. In: Henderson P, ed. Rare Earth Element Geochemistry: Developments in Geochemistry 2. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 63–114
5	Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (1990). Regional geology of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, p. 331 (in Chinese)
6	Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Shaanxi Province (1989).Regional Geology of Shaanxi Province. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, p. 243 (in Chinese)
7	J LChen, H B Li, H L Wang, S P He, Z X Zeng, X Y Xu, X M Li (2007). LA-ICPMS Zircon U-Pb dating of a quartz diorite pluton from Wangjiacha, the junction area between the Qinling and Qilian orogenic belts and its tectonic significance. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition), 37: 423–431
8	M LCui, B L Zhang, L C Zhang (2011). U-Pb dating of baddeleyite and zircon from the Shizhaigou diorite in the southern margin of North China Craton: constrains on the timing and tectonic setting of the Paleoproterozoic Xiong’er Group. Gondwana Res, 20(1): 184–193 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2011.01.010
9	X HDeng, Y J Chen, M Santosh, J MYao (2013). Genesis of the 1.76 Ga Zhaiwa Mo-Cu and its link with the Xiong’er volcanics in the North China Craton: implications for accretionary growth along the margin of the Columbia supercontinent. Precambrian Res, 227: 337–348 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2012.02.014
10	X QDeng, F X Lin, X Y Liu, J L Pang, J W Lu, S X Li, X Liu (2008). Discussion on relationship between sedimentary evolution of the Triassic Yanchang Formation and the Early Indosinian Movement in Ordos Basin. Journal of Paleogeography, 102: 159–166 (in Chinese)
11	S ZDing, J H Luo, J X Cheng, K Han, S DWang, JYou (2014). Geochemistry and chronology of quartz orthophyre in Boyang of the western Qinling orogenic belt, and their geological significance. Earth Sci Front, 22: 247–254 (in Chinese)
12	S BFeng, X Q Yuan, J He, C YWang, PHan, W C Li, T Y Li (2009). Sedimentary tectonic setting of Upper Triassic Yaoshan Formation of Liupanshan area of western Ordos basin. Low Permeability Oil & Gas Fields, 3: 1–5 (in Chinese)
13	F AFrey, D H Green, S D Roy (1978). Integrated models of basalt petrogenesis: a study of quartze tholeiites to olivine molarities from south eastern Australia utilizing geochemical and experimental petrological data. J Petrol, 19(3): 463–513 https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/19.3.463
14	DGünther, B Hattendorf (2005). Solid sample analysis using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: TrAC. Trends Analyt Chem, 24(3): 255–265 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2004.11.017
15	PHan, S B Feng, X M Li, K L Wang, X Q Yuan, J He, A PHu (2014). Geological evidence of “the archaic uplift” of Late Triassic in western margin of Ordos basin and identification of original boundary in the west of basin. Journal of Oil and Gas Technology, 36: 1–5 (in Chinese)
16	S PHe, H L Wang, X Y Xu, H F Zhang, G M Ren (2007). A LA-ICP-MS U-Pb chronological study of zircons from Hongtubu basic volcanic rocks and its geological significance in the east segment of north Qilian orogenic belt. Advances in Earth Science, 22: 143–151 (in Chinese)
17	Y HHe, Y Sun, LChen, H PLi, H LYuan, X MLiu (2005). Zircon U-Pb chronology of Longshan complex by LA-ICP-MS and its geological significance. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 21: 125–134 (in Chinese)
18	Y HHe, G C Zhao, M Sun, X PXia (2009). SHRIMP and LA-ICP-MS zircon geochronology of the Xiong’er volcanic rocks: implications for the Paleo-Mesoproterozoic evolution of the southern margin of the North China Craton. Precambrian Res, 168(3–4): 213–222 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2008.09.011
19	G THou, J H Li, Y L Liu, L Qian Xi (2008). The late Paleoproterozoic extension event: aulacogens and dyke swarms in the North China Craton. Prog Nat Sci, 16(2): 201–208
20	F XHuang, X X Mo, X H Yu, X W Li, Y Ding, PWei, W YHe (2013). Zircon U-Pb chronology,geochemistry of the Late Triassic acid volcanic rocks in Tanchang area,West Qinling and their geological significance. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 29: 3968–3980 (in Chinese)
21	T N,Irvine W R A Baragar (1971). A guide to the chemical classification of the common volcanic rocks. Can J Earth Sci, 8: 523–548
22	Y HJiang, G D Jin, S Y Liao, Q Zhou, PZhao (2010). Geochemical and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic constraints on the origin of Late Triassic granitoids from the Qinling orogen, central China: implications for a continental arc to continent-continent collision. Lithos, 117(1–4): 183–197 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2010.02.014
23	M JLe Bas, R WLe Maitre, AStreckeisen, AStreckeisen, BZanettin (1986). A chemical classification of volcanic rocks based on the total alkali-sillica diagram. J Petrol, 27(3): 745–750 https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/27.3.745
24	Z CLi, X Z Pei, R B Li, L Pei, BHu, C JLiu, G CChen, Y XChen (2013). LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating, geochemistry of the Mishuling intrusion in western Qinling and their tectonic significance. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 29: 2617–2634 (in Chinese)
25	S FLiu, S Su, G WZhang (2013). Early Mesozoic basin development in North China: indications of cratonic deformation. J Asian Earth Sci, 62(30): 221–236 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.09.011
26	Y QLiu, H W Kuang, N Peng, HXu, PZhang, N SWang, WAn, Y Wang, MLiu, X FHu (2015). Mesozoic basins and associated paleogeographic evolution in North China. Journal of Palaeogeography, 4(2): 189–202 https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1261.2015.00073
27	S NLu, C L Yang, H K Li, H M Li (2002). A group of rifting events in the terminal Paleoproterozoic in the North China Craton. Gondwana Res, 5(1): 123–131 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70896-0
28	K RLudwig (2001). Users Manual for Isoplot/Ex Rev. 2.49. Berkeley Geochronology Centre Special Publication (No. 1a), 1–56
29	J APearce (1982). Trace element characteristics of lave from destructive plate boundaries. Chichester: Wiley,525–548
30	X ZPei, S P Ding, G W Zhang, H B Liu, Z C Li, G Y Li, Z Q Liu, Y Meng (2007b). The LA-ICP-MS zircons U-Pb ages and geochemistry of the Baihua basic igneous complexes in Tianshui area of West Qinling. Sci China Earth Sci, 50(S2): 264–276 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-007-6028-8
31	X ZPei, R Q Sun, S P Ding, H B Liu, Z C Li, Z Q Liu, Y Meng (2007a). LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of the Yanjiadian diorite in the eastern Qilian Mountains and its geological significance. Geology in China, 34: 8–16 (in Chinese)
32	PPeng, X P Wang, Y Lai, CWang, FWindley B (2015). Large-scale liquid immiscibility and fractional crystallixation in the 1780 Ma Taihang dyke swarm: implications for genesis of the bimodal Xiong’er volcanic province. Lithos, 236 – 237: 106–122 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2015.08.015
33	PPeng, M G Zhai, E Richard (2008). A 1.78 Ga large igneous province in the North China Craton: The Xiong’er Volcanic Province and the North China dyke swarm. Lithos, 101(3–4): 260–280 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2007.07.006
34	J FQin, S C Lai, R Grapes, C RDiwu, Y JJu, Y FLi (2009). Geochemical evidence for origin of magma mixing for the Triassic monzonitic granite and its enclaves at Mishuling in the Qinling orogen (central China). Lithos, 112(3–4): 259–276 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2009.03.007
35	X WQiu (2011). Characteristic and dynamic settings of Yanchang period hydrocarbon-rich depression in Ordos basin, China. Dissertation for PhD degree. Xi’an: Northwest University, 1–80 (in Chinese)
36	X WQiu, C Y Liu, G Z Mao, Y Deng, F FWang, J QWang (2014). Late Triassic tuff intervals in the Ordos basin, Central China: their depositional, petrographic, geochemical characteristics and regional implications. J Asian Earth Sci, 80(5): 148–160 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.11.004
37	S SSun, W F McDonough (1989). Chemical and isotope systematics of ocean baslt: implications for mantle composition and processes. In: Saunders A D, Norry M J, eds. Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Geological Society Special Publication, 42: 313–345
38	FWang, C Y Liu, X K Yang, C Q Su (2005). Geologic geochemical features of basalt in Ruqi clough of Helan Mountain and its structural environmental significance. Petroleum Geology & Oilfield Development in Daqing, 24: 25–27 (in Chinese)
39	T GWang, P Ni, W DSun, K DZhao, X DWang (2011). Zircon U-Pb ages of granites at Changba and Huangzhuguan in western Qinling and implications for source nature. Science Bulletin, 56(7): 659–669 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-010-4319-5
40	X LWang, S Y Jiang, B Z Dai (2010). Melting of enriched Archean subcontinental lithospheric mantle: evidence from the ca. 1760 Ma volcanic rocks of the Xiong’er Group, southern margin of the North China Craton. Precambrian Res, 182(3): 204–216 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2010.08.007
41	X XWang, T Wang, B MJahn, N GHu, WChen (2007). Tectonic significance of Late Triassic post-collisional lamprophyre dykes from the Qinling Mountains (China). Geol Mag, 114: 837–848
42	Y CWang (2013). Geological characteristics and tectonic significance of Caledonian collision-post collision type granite at the conjunction of Qinling and Qilian.Dissertation for Master degree. Xi’an: Chang’an University, 1–68 (in Chinese)
43	F HWei (2013). Composition, structural characteristics and geological evolution of north Qilian orogen (the eastern) in Early Paleozoic. Dissertation for Master degree.Xi’an: Chang’an University, 1–65 (in Chinese)
44	F HWei, X Z Pei, R B Li, Z C Li, L Pei, J MGao, Y CWang, C JLiu, S KWu, Y XChen (2012). LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of Early Paleozoic Huangmenchuan granodiorite in Tianshui area of Gansu Province and its tectonic significance. Geological Bulletin of China, 31: 1496–1509 (in Chinese)
45	MWiedenbeck, P Allé, FCorfu, W LGriffin, MMeier, FOberli, AVonquadt, J CRoddick, WSpeigel (1995). 3 natural zircon standards for U-Th-Pb, Lu-Hf, traceelement and REE analyses. Geostand Newsl, 19(1): 1–23 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-908X.1995.tb00147.x
46	MWiedenbeck, J M Hanchar, W H Peck, P Sylvester, JValley, MWhitehouse, Z AKron, YMorishita, LNasdala, JFiebig, IFranchi, J PGirard, R CGreenwood, RHinton, NKita, P R D Mason, M Norman, MOgasawara, P MPiccoli, DRhede, HSatoh, BSchulz-Dobrick, OSkår, M JSpicuzza, KTerada, ATindle, STogashi, TVennemann, QXie, Y F Zheng (2004). Further characterisation of the 91500 zircon crystal. Geostand Geoanal Res, 28(1): 9–39 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-908X.2004.tb01041.x
47	D AWood (1980). The application of a Th–Hf–Ta diagram to problems of tectono-magmatic classification and to establishing the nature of crustal contamination of basaltic lavas of the British Tertiary Volcanic Province. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 50(1): 11–30 https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(80)90116-8
48	X YXu, H L Wang, J L Chen, X H Su, P Wu, TGao (2007). Zircon U-Pb age, element geochemistry of Mesozoic acid volcanic rocks at Yindaoshi area in western Qinling. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 23: 2845–2856 (in Chinese)
49	HYang, J H Fu, Z J Ouyang, L Y Sun, Z R Ma (2010). U-Pb Zircon Dating of the Daling-Gugutai Basalt in Rujigou on the Western Margin of Ordos Basin. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 31: 229–236 (in Chinese)
50	X HYu, X X Mo, Z D Zhao, W Y He, Y Li (2011). Cenozoic bimodal volcanic rocks of the West Qinling: implication for the genesis and nature of the rifting of north-south tectonic belt. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 27: 2195–2202 (in Chinese)
51	M GZhai, B Hu, T PZhao, PPeng, Q R Meng (2015). Late Paleoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic multi-rifting events in the North China Craton and their geological significance: a study advance and review. Tectonophysics, 662: 153–166 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.01.019
52	H FZhang, B R Zhang, H Harris , LZhang, Y LChen, N SChen, Z DZhao (2006). U-Pb zircon SHRIMP ages, geochemical and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions of intrusive rocks from the Longshan–Tianshui area in the southeast corner of the Qilian orogenic belt, China: constraints on petrogenesis and tectonic affinity. J Asian Earth Sci, 27(6): 751–764 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.07.008
53	ZZhang, S Z Li, H H Cao, I D Somerville, S J Zhao, S Yu (2015). Origin of the North Qinling Microcontinent and Proterozoic geotectonic evolution of the Kuanping Ocean, Central China. Precambrian Res, 266: 179–193 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2015.05.024
54	G CZhao, Y H He, M Sun (2009). The Xiong’er volcanic belt at the southern margin of the North China Craton: Petrographic and geochemical evidence for its outboard position in the Paleo-Mesoproterozoic Columbia Supercontinent. Gondwana Res, 16(2): 170–181 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2009.02.004
55	T PZhao, Y H Xu, M G Zhai(2007). Origin and tectonic setting of the Proterozoic Xiong’er Group volcanic rocks in the southern part of the North China Craton; Facts and controversies. Geological Journal of China Universities, 13(2): 191–206
56	T PZhao, M G Zhai, B Xia, H MLi, Y XZhang, Y SWan (2004). Zircon U-Pb SHRIMP dating for the volcanic rocks of the Xiong’er Group: constraints on the initial formation age of the cover of the North China Craton. Science Bulletin, 49(23): 2495–2502 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03183721
57	T PZhao, M F Zhou, M G Zhai, B Xia (2002). Palaeoproterozoic rift-related volcanism of the Xiong’er Group in the North China Craton: implications for the break-up of Columbia. Int Geol Rev, 44(4): 336–351 https://doi.org/10.2747/0020-6814.44.4.336
58	W ZZhao, X M Wang, Y R Guo, H Q Liu, Y L Bai (2006). Restoration and tectonic reworking of the Late Triassic basin in western Ordos Basin. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 33: 6–13 (in Chinese)
59	D WZhou, C Y Zhao, Y D Li, W C Jian, J Ye, GChen (1994). Geological features of southwest margin of Ordos basin and its relationships with Qinling orogenic belt. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 98–110 (in Chinese)

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed