Quantitative analysis of planation surfaces of the upper Yangtze River in the Sichuan-Yunnan Region, Southwest China

doi:10.1007/s11707-018-0707-y

Front. Earth Sci.

2019, Vol. 13

Issue (1) : 55-74 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-018-0707-y

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Quantitative analysis of planation surfaces of the upper Yangtze River in the Sichuan-Yunnan Region, Southwest China

Fenliang LIU¹, Hongshan GAO¹(

), Baotian PAN¹, Zongmeng LI², Huai SU³

¹. Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
². School of Geographic Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
³. College of Tourism and Geography Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China

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Abstract

Identification of the planation surfaces (PSs) is key for utilizing them as a reference in studying the long-term geomorphological evolution of the Upper Yangtze River Basin in the Sichuan-Yunnan region, Southwest China. Using a combined method of DEM-based fuzzy logic and topographic and river profiles analysis and based on a comprehensive analysis of four morphometric parameters: slope, curvature, terrain ruggedness index, and relative height, we established the relevant fuzzy membership functions, and then calculated the membership degree (MD) of the study area. Results show that patches with a MD>80% and an area>0.4 km² correspond well to the results of Google Earth and field investigation, representing the PS remnants. They consist of 1764 patches with an altitude, area, mean slope, and relief of mostly 2000–2500 m above sea level (asl), 0–10 km², 4°–9°, 0–500 m, respectively, covering 9.2% of the study area’s landscape, dipping to southeast, decreasing progressively from northwest to southeast in altitude, and with no clear relation between each patch’s altitude and slope, or relief. All these results indicate that they are remnants of once regionally continuous PSs which were deformed by both the lower crust flow and the faults in upper crust, and dissected by the network of Upper Yangtze River. Additionally, topographic and river profiles analysis show that three PSs (PS1–PS3) well developed along the main valleys in the Yongren-Huili region, indicating several phases of uplift then planation during the Late Cenozoic era. Based on the incision amount deduced from projection of relict river profiles on PSs, together with erosion rates, breakup times of the PS1, PS2, and PS3 were estimated to be 3.47 Ma, 2.19 Ma, and 1.45 Ma, respectively, indicating appearance of modern Upper Yangtze River valley started between the Pliocene to early Pleistocene.

Keywords planation surface fuzzy logic topographic analysis river profile analysis Upper Yangtze River Southwest China

Corresponding Author(s): Hongshan GAO

Just Accepted Date: 24 April 2018 Online First Date: 07 June 2018 Issue Date: 25 January 2019

Cite this article:

Fenliang LIU,Hongshan GAO,Baotian PAN, et al. Quantitative analysis of planation surfaces of the upper Yangtze River in the Sichuan-Yunnan Region, Southwest China[J]. Front. Earth Sci., 2019, 13(1): 55-74.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/10.1007/s11707-018-0707-y
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/Y2019/V13/I1/55

Fig.1 The sketched map of the UYRB in the Sichuan-Yunnan region (SYR) and its surrounding regions. (a) Map showing location of the study area. (b) Topography with the main faults and rivers based on the shaded SRTM 90 m DEM. (c) Topographic profiles showing the mean, minimum, and maximum elevations in the 25 km swath: a and b in Fig. 1(b). XJF: Xiaojiang fault; ZMHF: Zemuhe fault; SMF: Shimian fault; LTF: Litang fault; XJHF: Xiaojinhe fault; JHF: Jinhe fault; LJF: Lijiang fault; CHF: Chenghai fault; LZJF: Luzhijiang fault; RRF: Red River fault; JSJF: Jinshajiang fault; ZDF: Zhongdian fault; TP: Tibetan Plateau; EHS: Eastern Himalaya Syntaxis; SB: Sichuan Basin; YP: Yangzi Platform; SGB: Songpan-Ganze Block; YM: Yulong Mountain; GM: Gongwang Mountain; HM: Haizi Mountain. YTFB: Yalong thrust fault belt.

Fig.2 Relative height based on different drainage area thresholds. (a) 3D DEM showing the typical planation surface (PS) with river of the black square region in Fig. 1(b); (b) Base levels with stream networks for interpolating; (c) Relative heights calculated from elevation differences between the base level and modern topography. PS: planation surface.

Fig.3 Topographical characteristics of the test areas. (a) 3D view of the test areas based on SRTM 90 m DEM. (b) Density scatterplots of the morphometric parameters of the test areas.

Fig.4 Membership functions for the terrain parameters describing the PS remnants.

Fig.5 The Membership degree (MD) and the PSs of the UYRB in the SYR. (a) Spatial distribution of the MD identified by the fuzzy logic integration of the four parameters. The squares with solid line edge indicate the locations of three test areas. (b) Field example of PS remnants. Photograph location is shown in Fig. 5(a).

Fig.6 Comparison between the MD and the Google Earth images in the three test areas. (a) The distribution of the MD. (b) Frequency histogram of the MD. (c) Google Earth images of the three test areas. The white polygons represent the remnants of PS which we interpreted from the Google Earth images.

Fig.7 Morphological characteristics of PSs of the UYRB in the SYR. (a) Frequency distribution of the area of the PSs of different membership degree thresholds. (b) Frequency distribution of the area of the PSs. (c) Frequency distribution of the mean slope of the PSs. (d) Frequency distribution of the relief of the PSs. (e) Relation between altitude and mean slope. (f) Relation between altitude and relief. (g) The altitude frequency distribution of the PSs. (h) Rose diagram showing the frequency distribution of the mean aspect of the PSs.

Fig.8 PSs with a MD > 80% of the UYRB in the SYR mapped by this study. (a) Distribution of the remnants of PSs. The color represents its elevation. (b) The longitudinal relationship of topography (maximum, mean, minimum, and relief) and PS remnants elevations (mean) and areas within two 25 km wide swaths around two profiles a and b, respectively in Fig. 8(a).

Fig.9 PSs and topographical and longitudinal river profiles in the Yongren-Huili region. (a) Map of PSs with the main rivers in the Yongren-Huili region. (b) and (c) Field photographs of the PS. (d) Superimposed profile based on 32 individual topographic profiles in Fig. 9(a). (e) Longitudinal river profiles and knickpoints.

Fig.10 PS remnants represented by the MD > 80% in this study. (a) Relation between the PS remnants mapped by this study and the paleo surfaces mapped by Clark et al. (2006). (b) Relation between the PSs remnants mapped by this study and the simplified geological map based on the 1:2,500,000 Chinese geologic maps (Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources).

Fig.11 Modern and reconstructed channel profiles for tributaries along the Upper Yangtze River. The 2s elevation errors are from the normalized steepness indices and are based on linear regressions through log-log channel slope-drainage area data. For location of the channels refer to Figs. 9(a) and 9(e).

Fig.12 Maximum, mean, and minimum topography along a 100 km wide swath window showing the spatial topographical change of the PSs across the Tibetan Plateau (Main Surface identified by Li et al., 1995), the Yunnan Plateau (PS1), and the Three Gorges region (E’xi Surface mapped by Li et al., 2001).

Fig.13 Idealized profiles illustrating the development of landscape of the UYRB in the SYR.

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