The evolution of hollow symmetric-PV tower during the landfall of Typhoon Mujigae (2015)

doi:10.1007/s11707-019-0783-7

Front. Earth Sci.

2019, Vol. 13

Issue (4) : 817-828 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-019-0783-7

RESEARCH ARTICLE

The evolution of hollow symmetric-PV tower during the landfall of Typhoon Mujigae (2015)

Baofeng JIAO^1,^2,^3,⁴, Lingkun RAN^4,⁵, Xinyong SHEN^1,^2,^3,⁶(

)

¹. Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
². Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
³. Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
⁴. Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
⁵. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
⁶. Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China

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Abstract

The evolution of Typhoon Mujigae (2015) during the landfall period is determined using potential vorticity (PV) based on a high-resolution numerical simulation. Diabatic heating from deep moist convections in the eyewall produces a hollow PV tower extending from the lower troposphere to the middle levels. Since the potential temperature and wind fields could be highly asymmetric during landfall, the fields are divided into symmetric and asymmetric components. Thus, PV is split into three parts: symmetric PV, first-order asymmetric PV, and quadratic-order asymmetric PV. By calculating the azimuth mean, the first-order term disappears. The symmetric PV is at least one order of magnitude larger than the azimuthal mean quadratic-order term, nearly accounting for the mean cyclone. Furthermore, the symmetric PV tendency equation is derived in cylindrical coordinates. The budget terms include the symmetric heating term, flux divergence of symmetric PV advection due to symmetric flow, flux divergence of partial first-order PV advection due to asymmetric flow, and the conversion term between the symmetric PV and quadratic-order asymmetric term. The diagnostic results indicate that the symmetric heating term is responsible for the hollow PV tower generation and maintenance. The symmetric flux divergence largely offsets the symmetric heating contribution, resulting in a horizontal narrow ring and vertical extension structure. The conversion term contribution is comparable to the mean term contributions, while the contribution of the partial first-order PV asymmetric flux divergence is apparently smaller. The conversion term implicitly contains the combined effects of processes that result in asymmetric structures. This term tends to counteract the contribution of symmetric terms before landfall and favor horizontal PV mixing after landfall.

Keywords landfall typhoon potential vorticity hollow PV tower asymmetric features

Corresponding Author(s): Xinyong SHEN

Just Accepted Date: 08 August 2019 Online First Date: 23 September 2019 Issue Date: 30 December 2019

Cite this article:

Baofeng JIAO,Lingkun RAN,Xinyong SHEN. The evolution of hollow symmetric-PV tower during the landfall of Typhoon Mujigae (2015)[J]. Front. Earth Sci., 2019, 13(4): 817-828.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/10.1007/s11707-019-0783-7
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/Y2019/V13/I4/817

Fig.1 Time series of (a) the minimum sea level pressures (hPa) (top panel) and the maximum symmetric surface wind speed (m/s) (bottom panel) for the WRF simulation (black dashed line) and observations issued by CMA (red solid line) and JMA (blue solid line); and the (b) time-height cross section of area-averaged PV (shaded, PVU) and diabatic heating rate (gray dashed line, interval= 2 K/h) in a subdomain of 80 km × 80 km centered around the eye, superposed with potential temperature (black solid line, interval= 5 K) at the center.

Fig.2 Vertical cross section of axisymmetric PV (shaded, PVU), diabatic heating rate (blue dashed line, interval= 10 K/h in a, b, and c, and the interval= 5 K/h in d), and wind vectors (m/s) at (a) 1700 UTC 3, (b) 2000 UTC 3, (c) 0400 UTC 4, and (d) 1000 UTC 4.

Fig.3 Horizontal PV (shaded, PVU) and wind vector (m/s) at the 1.5 km height at (a) 1700 UTC 3, (b) 2000 UTC 3, (c) 0400 UTC 4, and (d) 1000 UTC 4. X-coordinates and y-coordinates represent the distance to the vortex center (km). The red dashed circles are placed at radii of 20, 40, and 60 km from the center. The blue solid circle indicates the maximum wind radius.

Fig.4 Symmetric PV budget terms at 0400 UTC4: (a) DIAS, (b) FDM, (c) FDE, and (d) FEX (PVU/s). The x-coordinate indicates the distance to the center of the storm (km), while the y-coordinate represents height (km).

Fig.5 Same as in Fig. 4 but at 1000 UTC 4.

Fig.6 The cross section of PV (shaded, PVU) (a) from (110.44E, 21.41N) to (111.42, 20.78N) at 0400 UTC 4, and (b) from (109.74E, 22.3N) to (109.87E, 21.47N) at 1200 UTC 4.

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