Exploring the influence of various factors on microwave radiation image simulation for Moon-based Earth observation

doi:10.1007/s11707-019-0785-5

Front. Earth Sci.

2020, Vol. 14

Issue (2) : 430-445 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-019-0785-5

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Exploring the influence of various factors on microwave radiation image simulation for Moon-based Earth observation

Linan YUAN^1,², Jingjuan LIAO¹(

)

¹. Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
². University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

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Abstract

Earth observation technologies are important for obtaining geospatial information on the Earth’s surface and are used widely in many disciplines, such as resource surveying, environmental monitoring, and evolutionary studies. However, it is a challenge for existing Earth observation platforms to acquire this type of data rapidly on a global scale due to limitations in orbital altitude and field of view; thus development of an advanced platform for Earth observation is desirable. As a natural satellite of the Earth, placement of various sensors on the Moon could possibly facilitate comprehensive, continuous, and long-term observations of the Earth. This is a relatively new concept and the study is still at the preliminary stage with no actual Moon-based Earth observation data available at this time. To understand the characteristics of Moon-based microwave radiation, several physical factors that potentially influence microwave radiation imaging, e.g., time zone correction, relative movement of the Earth-Moon, atmospheric radiative transfer, and the effect of the ionosphere, were examined. Based on comprehensive analysis of these factors, the Moon-based microwave brightness temperature images were simulated using spaceborne temperature data. The results show that time zone correction ensures that the simulation images may be obtained at Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) and that the relative movement of the Earth-Moon affects the positions of the nadir and Moon-based imaging. The effect of the atmosphere on Moon-based observation is dependent on various parameters, such as atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, water vapor, carbon dioxide, oxygen, the viewing zenith angle and microwave frequency. These factors have an effect on atmospheric transmittance and propagation of upward and downward radiation. When microwaves propagate through the ionosphere, the attenuation is related to frequency and viewing zenith angle. Based on initial studies, the simulation results suggest Moon-based microwave radiation imaging is realistic and viable.

Keywords Moon-based Earth observation microwave brightness temperature simulation relative movement of Earth-Moon atmospheric radiative transfer ionosphere

Corresponding Author(s): Jingjuan LIAO

Just Accepted Date: 21 November 2019 Online First Date: 19 December 2019 Issue Date: 21 July 2020

Cite this article:

Linan YUAN,Jingjuan LIAO. Exploring the influence of various factors on microwave radiation image simulation for Moon-based Earth observation[J]. Front. Earth Sci., 2020, 14(2): 430-445.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/10.1007/s11707-019-0785-5
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/Y2020/V14/I2/430

Fig.1 The relative position between the Earth and the Moon.

Fig.2 (a) Atmospheric attenuation caused by oxygen and water vapor at 0–1000 GHz. (b) The change of atmospheric attenuation with altitude at different frequencies.

Fig.3 Distribution of global LST before time zone correction.

Fig.4 Distribution of global LST after time zone correction.

Fig.5 The fitting results of the LST and MODIS LST data for the four MODIS pixels. (a) South America (b) Oceania (c) Asia and Europe (d) Africa.

Fig.6 The Moon-based imaging coverage and zenith angle distribution at different times on January 1, 2005

Fig.7 The change of atmospheric transmittance and upward radiation with atmospheric humidity, temperature, viewing zenith angle, and frequency

Fig.8 (a) The change in attenuation of microwave energy with collision frequency in the ionosphere. (b) The change of attenuation of microwave energy with microwave frequency in the ionosphere.

Fig.9 Comparison of the effect of the ionosphere on Moon-based microwave radiation brightness temperatures at different frequencies.

Fig.10 The images for simulation of the Moon-based microwave radiation brightness temperatures at UTC 08:00 on January 1, 2005.

Fig.11 The images for simulation of the Moon-based microwave radiation brightness temperatures at UTC 12:00 on January 1, 2005.

Fig.12 The comparison of the brightness temperatures for the Moon-based simulation and the AMSR-E microwave radiometer.

Fig.13 The root mean square error (RMSE) of the Moon-based simulation images for the different continents.

Number	$T 0 / K$	$T a / K$	$α$	$β$
1	234.647	7.34024	-1.01117	1.0071
2	243.706	5.25396	-5.68419	0.40823
3	286.887	15.0345	-3.12953	0.441291
4	226.487	47.8038	-1.32001	1.20496
5	260.121	6.91076	-1.78134	1.12404
6	256.971	3.16141	-2.92833	1.21333
7	279.69	28.5639	-6.18648	0.454205
8	292.803	10.9054	0.099393	0.277346
9	293.764	9.25083	-0.19969	-0.33375
10	287.412	7.90905	-0.71262	0.365055
11	291.317	12.813	-0.55321	0.39392
12	222.112	24.5167	0.22719	0.965652
13	234.647	7.34024	-1.01117	1.0071

Table A1 The fitting results for parameters of the diurnal temperature cycle model

Table A2 Comparison of accuracy for Moon-based microwave radiation image simulation

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