Characteristics of extreme rainfall and rainbands evolution of Super Typhoon Lekima (2019) during its landfall

doi:10.1007/s11707-021-0871-3

Front. Earth Sci.

2022, Vol. 16

Issue (1) : 64-74 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-021-0871-3

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Characteristics of extreme rainfall and rainbands evolution of Super Typhoon Lekima (2019) during its landfall

Chunyi XIANG^1,², Liguang WU³(

), Nannan QIN³

¹. Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster (Ministry of Education), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
². National Meteorological Center, Beijing 100081, China
³. Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China

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Abstract

As one of the most devastating tropical cyclones over the western North Pacific Ocean, Super Typhoon Lekima (2019) has caused a wide range of heavy rainfall in China. Based on the CMA Multi-source merged Precipitation Analysis System (CMPAS)-hourly data set, both the temporal and spatial distribution of extreme rainfall is analyzed. It is found that the heavy rainfall associated with Lekima includes three main episodes with peaks at 3, 14 and 24 h after landfall, respectively. The first two rainfall episodes are related to the symmetric outburst of the inner rainband and the persistence of outer rainband. The third rainfall episode is caused by the influence of cold, dry air from higher latitudes and the peripheral circulation of the warm moist tropical storm. The averaged rainrate of inner rainbands underwent an obvious outburst within 6 h after landfall. The asymmetric component of the inner rainbands experienced a transport from North (West) quadrant to East (South) quadrant after landfall which was related to the storm motion other than the Vertical Wind Shear (VWS). Meanwhile the outer rainband in the vicinity of three times of the Radius of Maximum Wind (RMW) was active over a 12-h period since the decay of the inner rainband. The asymmetric component of the outer rainband experienced two significant cyclonical migrations in the northern semicircle.

Keywords extreme rainfall rainband evolution landfalling tropical cyclone

Corresponding Author(s): Liguang WU

Online First Date: 26 March 2021 Issue Date: 04 March 2022

Cite this article:

Chunyi XIANG,Liguang WU,Nannan QIN. Characteristics of extreme rainfall and rainbands evolution of Super Typhoon Lekima (2019) during its landfall[J]. Front. Earth Sci., 2022, 16(1): 64-74.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/10.1007/s11707-021-0871-3
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/Y2022/V16/I1/64

Fig.1 Time-sequence diagram of coverage area (unit: 10⁵ km ²) with different rain rate (green line indicates 10mm·hr⁻¹,blue line indicates 20mm·hr⁻¹ and red line indicates 50mm·hr⁻¹)

Fig.2 Radial scatter distribution of rain gauge observed rain rate (units: mm·hr-1) composited from (a) 1800 UTC 9 Aug to 0200 UTC 10 August, (b) 0300 UTC 10 August to 1400 UTC 10 August, (c) 1500 UTC 10 August to 0600 UTC 11 August. The shaded color represents the probability density of the scatter and blue dots represent singular points.

Fig.3 Time-azimuthal mean distribution of rainrate (unit: mm·hr⁻¹) within 300km from storm center; solid line represents the RMW and dash lines represent the landfall

Fig.4 Rainrate (mm·hr⁻¹) distribution within 800 km radius from the center at 21:00UTC 9 Aug (a), 08:00UTC 10 Aug (b), 21:00UTC 10 Aug(c); read typhoon symbol represents the location of storm center; red and black arrows represent TC motion and vertical wind shear(200-850hPa), the inner/outter dotted circle indicating the RMW/3RMW and L1, L2, L3 representing the spiral rainbands..

Fig.5 Time-azimuthal distribution of asymmetric rainrate (a and c) and symmetric rainrate (b and d)(unit: mm·hr-1) of inner rainbands (a and b) and outer rainbands (bc and d) with dash lines indicating the landfall time.

Fig.6 The vertical-azimuthal distribution of qse deviation (shaded, unit: degC) and tangential wind (contour, m/s) along the outer rainband

Fig.7 The magnitude (top, m s⁻¹) and direction (bottom, deg) of the vertical wind shear.

Fig.8 Time series of the rain rate averaged within the three times of the radius of maximum wind (unit: mm·hr⁻¹) relative to the landfall time for TD/TS (green), CAT12 (blue), CAT345 (red) and Super Typhoon Lekima (black).

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