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Frontiers of Earth Science

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Front. Earth Sci.    2021, Vol. 15 Issue (4) : 876-891    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-021-0908-7
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Discriminating hydrocarbon generation potential of coaly source rocks and their contribution: a case study from the Upper Paleozoic of Bohai Bay Basin, China
Jinjun XU1, Da LOU1,2(), Qiang JIN1, Lixin FU2, Fuqi CHENG1, Shuhui ZHOU2, Xiuhong WANG3, Chao LIANG1, Fulai LI1
1. Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas, Qingdao 266580, China
2. PetroChina Dagang Oilfield Company, Tianjin 300280, China
3. Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Shengli Oilfield Company, Sinopec, Dongying 257015, China
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Abstract

Although various coaly source rocks widely developed in the Carboniferous–Permian (C–P) of the Bohai Bay Basin, their geochemical characteristics and hydrocarbon generation potential are poorly understood. This study aims to discriminate the contribution of hydrocarbon generation from different C–P coaly source rocks and clarify the differences within generated oils using organic geochemistry, organic petrology, and thermal simulation experiments. The coaly source rocks containt coal clarain and durain, carbonaceous shale, and shale deposited in deltaic and lagoonal environment. The results indicated that clarain, durain, and carbonaceous shale exhibited higher hydrogen index and liquid–gas hydrocarbon yields than lagoonal and deltaic shales, which was mainly associated with the concentrations of sporinite, cutinite, and hydrogen-rich collodetrinite. Aliphatic hydrocarbons originated from coal and carbonaceous shale presented lower Ts/(Ts+Tm), Ga/17α(H)21β(H)-C30 hopane, 18α(H)-oleanane/17α(H)21β(H)-C30 hopane ratios, and higher 17β(H)21α(H)-C30 Morane/17α(H)21β(H)-C30 hopane than deltaic lagoonal shales. Parameters of aromatic hydrocarbons generated from five lithologies of coaly source rocks trended as clear group distribution, e.g., clarain and durain showing lower MNR, DBT/Fluorene (F) ratios and higher DBF/F ratio than coaly shales. The distinct descending trend of hydrocarbon potential is obtained from clarain, durain, carbonaceous shale to lagoonal and deltaic shales, implying dominated the petroleum and natural gas supplement from coal and carbonaceous shale. The difference between aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons provides a significant contribution to analyze the generic relationship between coaly source rock and lacustrine shale. Our results illustrate the importance of coaly source rocks for the in-depth oil-gas exploration of the Bohai Bay Basin and understanding hydrocarbon generation potential of source rocks in coal bearing strata.
Keywords thermal simulation      hydrocarbon generation      coaly source rock      Carboniferous–Permian      Bohai Bay Basin     
Corresponding Author(s): Da LOU   
Online First Date: 13 August 2021    Issue Date: 20 January 2022
 Cite this article:   
Jinjun XU,Da LOU,Qiang JIN, et al. Discriminating hydrocarbon generation potential of coaly source rocks and their contribution: a case study from the Upper Paleozoic of Bohai Bay Basin, China[J]. Front. Earth Sci., 2021, 15(4): 876-891.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/10.1007/s11707-021-0908-7
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/Y2021/V15/I4/876
Fig.1  Study area and coaly source rock profile of the Carboniferous–Permian in the Bohai Bay Basin. (a) Bohai Basin; (b) research area; (c) stratigraphic sequence.
Samples Well/area Formation Lithology Depth/m TOC/
wt%		 S1/
(mg·g–1)		 S2/
(mg·g–1)		 S1 + S2/
(mg·g–1)		 Tmax/
°C		 HI/
(mg·g–1 ·TOC–1)
C1 Caozhuang Shanxi Clarain# 350.00 71.00 1.32 167.78 169.10 432 236.31
C2 CG2 Taiyuan Clarain 1690.63 68.10 3.84 208.70 212.54 434 306.46
C3 CG2 Taiyuan Clarain 1598.13 67.90 2.18 154.03 156.21 438 226.85
C4 GG16102 Taiyuan Clarain 2224.55 70.10 2.17 154.19 156.36 432 219.96
C5 CL1601 Taiyuan Clarain 2276.11 65.70 10.61 160.81 171.42 457 244.76
C6 Chazhaung Shanxi Clarain 300.00 57.00 4.76 195.97 200.73 437 343.81
C7 Chazhaung Shanxi Clarain 420.00 54.60 8.36 228.21 236.57 431 417.97
D1 Chazhaung Shanxi Durain 450.00 50.60 2.89 138.03 140.92 431 272.79
D2 Chazhaung Taiyuan Durain 780.00 61.20 2.27 158.02 160.29 436 258.20
D3 Caozhuang Taiyuan Durain# 750.00 56.50 1.11 119.35 120.46 432 211.24
D4 CG2 Taiyuan Durain 1690.63 40.00 0.95 49.61 50.56 438 124.03
D5 GG16102 Taiyuan Durain 2224.55 69.40 2.30 91.23 93.53 431 131.46
CS1 Chazhaung Taiyuan Carbonaceous shale 635.00 14.70 2.13 49.80 51.93 441 338.78
CS2 QG8 Taiyuan Carbonaceous shale 3704.00 22.93 3.66 51.23 54.89 437 223.42
CS3 QG1601 Taiyuan Carbonaceous shale 3879.00 23.90 1.92 39.18 41.10 444 163.93
CS4 QG1601 Taiyuan Carbonaceous shale 3801.00 37.40 5.07 87.03 92.10 443 232.70
CS5 QG1601 Shanxi Carbonaceous shale 3750.00 26.10 3.11 87.60 90.71 443 335.63
CS6 GG16102 Taiyuan Carbonaceous shale 2198.09 27.77 3.70 57.02 60.71 430 205.31
CS7 GG16102 Taiyuan Carbonaceous shale 2211.78 22.03 1.79 44.30 46.09 428 201.09
CS8 QG8 Taiyuan Carbonaceous shale 3710.00 13.13 1.15 12.89 14.04 441 98.17
CS9 QG1601 Taiyuan Carbonaceous shale 3717.00 15.50 1.69 38.13 39.82 438 246.00
CS10 QG1601 Taiyuan Carbonaceous shale 3819.00 17.10 2.12 37.92 40.04 440 221.75
CS11 CG2 Taiyuan Carbonaceous shale# 1602.95 7.58 0.44 21.00 21.44 436 277.04
CS12 CL1601 Taiyuan Carbonaceous shale 2273.20 11.50 1.82 10.19 12.01 469 88.61
CS13 CL1601 Taiyuan Carbonaceous shale 2270.95 24.80 4.27 78.80 53.07 464 317.74
CS14 CL1601 Taiyuan Carbonaceous shale 2101.79 17.60 0.97 15.64 16.61 457 88.86
DS1 Chazhaung Shanxi Deltaic shale 350.00 6.07 0.10 14.14 14.24 435 232.95
DS2 CC1 Shanxi Deltaic shale 1593.59 4.38 0.18 1.03 1.21 476 23.52
DS3 CC1 Shanxi Deltaic shale 1594.25 7.68 0.56 2.90 3.46 480 37.76
DS4 CG2 Shanxi Deltaic shale# 1587.88 1.92 0.07 1.63 1.7 440 84.90
LS1 Chazhaung Taiyuan Lagoonal shale 760.00 5.62 0.37 6.54 6.91 440 116.37
LS2 Chazhaung Taiyuan Lagoonal shale# 780.00 5.75 0.10 1.86 1.96 452 32.35
LS3 CL1601 Taiyuan Lagoonal shale 2279.91 2.38 0.32 1.49 1.81 473 62.61
LS4 CL1601 Taiyuan Lagoonal shale 2275.91 2.33 0.23 1.19 1.42 469 51.07
LS5 CL1601 Taiyuan Lagoonal shale 2259.09 3.27 0.22 2.64 2.86 463 80.73
LS6 CL1601 Taiyuan Lagoonal shale 2256.97 1.27 0.15 0.75 0.90 464 59.06
Tab.1  Organic geochemical parameters of coaly source rocks
Fig.2  Organic matter abundance and maceral compositions of coaly source rocks (modified from Peters and Cassa, 1994).
Fig.3  Maceral components accumulated in coaly source rocks. (a1), (b1) abundant green-yellow hydrogen-rich collodetrinite, sporinite and cutinite, reflecting fluorescent light under UV conditions; and white light, clarain (C6), Shanxi Formation, 1000×, 500×; (a2), (b2) dark gey collodetrinite, light gray collotelinite, off-white inertinite, clarain (C6), Shanxi Formation, 200×, 200×; (c1), (c2) larger fuscous collotelinite and black corpogelinite under UV conditions, dark gey collodetrinite, light gray collotelinite, and off-white inertinite under white light condition, durain (D1), Shanxi Formation, 500×, 200×; (d1), (d2) yellow sporinite with an apparent cell and black corpogelinite under UV conditions, light gray collotelinite under white light condition, carbonaceous shale (CS11), Taiyuan Formation, 500×, 200×; (e1), (e2) black corpogelinite under UV conditions, light gray collotelinite and bright white pyrite under white light condition, deltaic shale (DS3), Shanxi Formation, 500× , 200×; (f1), (f2) shallow yellow cutinite and black corpogelinite under UV conditions, a few light gray collotelinite and bright white pyrite under white light condition, lagoonal shale (LS5), Taiyuan Formation, 500×, 200×.
Samples Well /area Formation Lithology Depth/
m		 Ro/
%		 TOC/% (S1 + S2)/
(mg·g–1)		 Tmax/
°C		 Liptinite/% Vitrinite/% Inertinite/% Bituminite/%
Hydrogen-poor Hydrogen-rich
C5 CL1601 Taiyuan Clarain 2276.11 1.00 65.7 171.42 457 21.5 59.0 9.4 1.8
C6 CHZ-7 Shanxi Clarain 300.00 0.65 57.0 200.73 437 3.1 47.6 32.5 11.2
C7 CHZ-5 Shanxi Clarain 420.00 0.67 54.6 236.57 431 3.9 88.6 1.2 0
D1 CHZ-11 Shanxi Durain 450.00 0.65 50.6 140.92 431 28.3 22.0 8.3 36.2
CS1 CZ-9 Taiyuan Carbonaceous shale 635.00 0.66 14.7 51.93 434 5.6 48.4 4.3 3.7
CS11 CG2 Taiyuan Carbonaceous shale 1602.95 0.64 7.58 21.44 436 10.5 24.5 26.8 0.1
CS12 CL1601 Taiyuan Carbonaceous shale 2273.2 0.92 11.5 12.01 469 6.5 6.2 0.2 8.0
CS14 CL1601 Taiyuan Carbonaceous shale 2101.79 0.92 17.6 16.61 457 2.1 8.4 45.6 0.1
DS2 CC1 Shanxi Deltaic shale 1593.59 1.15 4.38 1.21 476 0.7 7.4 0.1 10.1
DS3 CC1 Shanxi Deltaic shale 1594.25 1.14 7.68 3.46 480 13.6 0.1 9.8
LS3 CL1601 Taiyuan Lagoonal shale 2279.91 1.02 2.38 1.81 473 2.6 1.4
LS2 CHZ-4 Taiyuan Lagoonal shale 780.00 0.65 5.75 1.96 452 1.5 4.2 0.2 1.3
LS4 CL1601 Taiyuan Lagoonal shale 2275.91 1.00 2.33 1.42 469 2.2 0.1 2.7
LS5 CL1601 Taiyuan Lagoonal shale 2259.09 0.96 3.27 2.86 463 2.1 3.4 0.2 9.4
LS6 CL1601 Taiyuan Lagoonal shale 2256.97 1.07 1.27 0.9 464 0.8 1.4 6.0
Tab.2  Organic geochemical parameters and maceral components of coaly source rocks
Fig.4  Plots of liptinite, hydrogen-poor vitrinite, hydrogen-rich vitrinite vs. total organic carbon (TOC) within coaly source rocks.
Fig.5  Processes and yields of liquid and gas hydrocarbon generation changing in the thermal simulation.
Fig.6  Chromatography of hopane series (m/z = 191) and fluorene series (m/z = 166, 168, 184) compounds.
Fig.7  Variations in saturated hydrocarbon parameters in the thermal simulation. Pr: pristane; Ph: phytane.
Fig.8  Variations in phenanthrene, fluorene, and naphthalene compounds in the thermal simulation. MPI2= 3 × 2-methylphenanthrene/(Methylphenanthrene+ 1-methyphenanthrene+ 9-methylphenanthrene); MNR= 2-methylnaphthalene/1-methylnapthalene.
Fig.9  Parameters of hopane series compounds for lithology identification from thermal simulation.
Fig.10  Plots of TeMNR vs. MNR and Dibenzofuran/Fluorene vs. Dibenzothiophene/Fluorene for distinguishing lithologies (from thermal simulation). (a) parameters of naphthalene series compounds for discriminating different lithologies of coaly source rocks; (b) parameters of fluorene series compounds for discriminating different lithologies of coaly source rocks. TeMNR= 1,3,6,7-TeMN/[1,3,6,7+ 1,2,5,6-TeMN], C= clarain, D= durain, CS= carbonaceous shale, LS= lagoonal shale, DS= deltaic shale.
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